Medieval Manuscripts in Cambridge Libraries

A catalogue of Western manuscripts and papyri at Cambridge University Library, the Fitzwilliam Museum and selected Cambridge colleges

Cambridge, University Library, MS Kk.4.25

Didactic miscellany, containing a bestiary and other texts

Contents

Introduction: This manuscript is one of a small group of examples containing an uncommon textual recension. Minor variant readings of this manuscript prove that its text is the most faithful to that of the lost archetype among all the bestiary recensions. It is most similar to Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum, MS 254 in many aspects and was very probably copied from the same lost archetype. The main departures of Kk.4.25 from the Fitzwilliam bestiary are a slight change in the chapter order and the presence of two chapters of strictly didactic character that has no relation to the typical content of the bestiaries: Quattuor modis peccatum ('The Four Ways it is Sinful') and Quattuor colores caelestis ('The Four Heavenly Colours'). These two chapters appear after the chapter on the ibis. The first texts comes from Gregory the Great with some variations and paraphrases, while the second is a free paraphrase of Isidore of Seville's text on the rainbow (arcus). Both chapters appear in the cluster of content on birds, which was taken from a different textual version of the bestiary. The cluster includes the following birds: ibis, phoenix, ostrich, coot, halcyon. Hence, Kk.4.25 has these additional chapters on the these birds as well as the chapters typical of this group. Further, Kk.4.25 contains a chapter on the bird hoopoe, concludes the section on birds with the chapter on the peridexion tree, and contains a chapter on the hydrus, none of which appear in other manuscipts of this group. All of these additions came from a manuscript very similar to London, British Library, Add. MS 11283. Another important textual peculiarity of Kk.4.25 is an addition from a text concerning the symbolism and morals of classical mythology for a Christian audience by the so-called Vatican Mythographer III. These inclusions may indicate that by the time Kk.4.25 was written, the tradition of this version of the text still was not stable, further evidence that this group's archtype may date to not long before this manuscript was created. The bestiary in Kk.4.25 is one of eighteen texts intended to be bound together. In its original condition, the manuscript probably included even more. Thus, this manuscript is one of the few large miscellanies that include a bestiary. The nature of all these texts is strictly didactic, leading to the conclusion that the manuscript was used as a teaching tool in a cathedral school or monastery. In terms of its programme of illuminations, Kk.4.25 is a masterpiece of bestiary imagery, often overlooked in discussions of the most beautiful examples. The iconography of this manuscript is the closest to the Fitzwilliam's, although it has many of its own motifs and variants. The illustrations in the bestiary and other sections are the works of several different artists. As one scholar has pointed out, the style of the illustrations is unusually monumental, as is exemplified in the rendering of the sea creature, and might be linked with wall painting models, for example the painted chamber of Westminster Palace. The troughed folds and angular poses of some of the figures in Kk.4.25 bestiary are reminiscent of some later sculptures in Westminster Abbey. Another iconographic link pointing to London may be found in the cross-legged king and an image of David wearing a crown in the psalter produced in this region (New York, Morgan Library and Museum, MS M.25, folio 4). The manuscript has numerous unique illustrations. The mutilated folio 52 now preserves only two framed illustrations from the so-called Monstrous Races section, of an Antipode and of Bragmanni holding a scroll with text from John of Salisbury's Policraticus in their hands: Divitas non habemus quarum cupiditate nos expugnare debeas ('We do not possess wealth, [otherwise] out of greed, you would want to conquer us'). It seems that the manuscript has lost the scene of Adam Naming the Animals that usually follows Marvels of the East in this textual recension. In the illustration to the chapters on the wether, ram, sheep and lamb, above the shepherd's head is an inscription in Anglo-Norman French, testifying to the artist's sense of humour: Ha ha ware le corn ('Ha ha beware of horns') (folio 58v). The chapter on the stag in Kk.4.25, like that in the Fitzwilliam bestiary, illustrates the story of the stags crossing a river, each with its chin on the back of the one in front of it. The illustration of this motif is rare: as far as I know, only one bestiary (Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 53, f. 192r) has such a scene. In the chapter on the dog, Kk.4.25 is missing the first leaf and now shows two scenes. The first consists of two registers with perhaps unique illustrations of Jason's dog refusing food near the beheaded corpse of its master, and Lysimachus's dog throwing itself on the funeral pyre, both demonstrating their great loyalty. The next scene is an illustration of armed Albanian men guided by a dog that traced the robber who had stolen their ox. In the chapter on the asp, the face of the charmer seems to have been modeled on that of the rider in the dromedary chapter in London, British Library, Harley MS 3244, f. 48r. Another unique illustration can be found in the chapter on the squirrel, called cyrogrillus, in which an artist of Kk.4.25 represents two scenes: the first shows the squirrel cracking a nut at the top of the tree, while in the second the squirrel is displayed apparently intending to cross the river on a sort of raft full of shells. The chapter on Four Heavenly Colours, an atypical text for a bestiary as mentioned above, is illustrated with an image of a rainbow. Other examples of rarely seen approaches to ilumination can be seen in Kk.4.25's illustrations of the Hydra and the Gorgon: at the bottom of f. 68v is a fragment of waves that seems to be from an illustration of Scylla. After that, on f. 69r, are two scenes of sirens. The first shows three sirens, a scene that is rare (analagous examples occur in Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Douce 88 and MS Bodley 602); the second scene is mutilated an presents a ship with sailors who have sirens' hands on their necks and heads. While the composition is rare in English bestiaries (I am aware only of Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 764, f. 74v having a similar one), it is common in vernacular French bestiaries, for example bestiaries of Richard de Fournival and Guillaume le Clerc. Finally, the artist of Kk.4.25 illustrates the hippocentaur with a bow and the onocentaur with a shield and a club. The manuscript is incomplete, as it is missing the images of Cerberus, Chimera, and the centaur that conclude the Westminster manuscript (London, Westminster Abbey, MS 22). Dr Ilya Dines

Language(s): Latin

1. 1r-18v
Honorius of Autun, Imago mundi
Incipit: f. 1rAb aquilone fulgur
Explicit: f. 18v Uictus et extinctus herebi penetralia scandit
2. 19r-25r
Pseudo-Aristotle, Epistola Alexandri ad Aristotelem de situ Indie
Rubric: 19r: Incipit epistola Alexandri ad aristotilem doctorem suum scripta de mirabilibus indie
Incipit: 19r: Semper memor tui etiam inter dubia bellorum
Explicit: 25v: et animi industrie optime aristotiles indicium
Final rubric: 25v: Explicit epistola Alexandri ad Aristotileo preceptorem suum
Feldbusch (1976), pp. 12a-120a
3. 25r
Julius Valerius (trl) Historia Alexandri magni
Incipit: 25r: Egyptii sapientes fati diuino genere primi feruntur
Explicit: 25r: penetral regieque secreta . Ibi se solita||
4. 27r-38v
Julius Valerius (trl) Historia Alexandri magni
Rubric: 27r: Incipit hystoria alexandri magni regis macedonium
Incipit: 27r: Egyptii sapientes fati diuino genere primi feruntur
Explicit: 38v: uino et ueneno superatus atque extinctus occubuit
Final rubric: 38v: Explicit Hystoria
5. 39r-41v
Alanus ab Insulis, De sex alis cherubim
Rubric: 39r: Incipit tractatus Magistri Alani de sex alis cherubim
Incipit: 39v: Prima ala est confessio . Confessio duplex est
Explicit: 38v: et illud aspiciens quod aspiciendum est||
6. 44r-44v
Revelatio sancti Michaelis in Monte Gargano
Incipit: || 44r: ut m,uneta que persummum sue sedis ministrum conferre dignatus est
Explicit: 44v: et illud aspiciens quod aspiciendum est
Final rubric: 44v: [E]xplicit reuelatio sancti michaelis archangeli in monte gargano
7. 44v-47r
Rubric: 44v: incipit eiusdem [sancti michaelis] reuelacio in monte tumba . xviio kalends nouembris
Incipit: 44v: Postquam gens francorum christi gratia insignita
Explicit: 47r: crescente religionis amore fidelium excruxit manus ubi prestantur diuina beneficia . adiuuante domino nostro qui est benedictus in secula seculorum . Amen
8. 47v-51r
Excerpts

Citations from Gregorius Magnus, Homiliae, Hugh of St Victor De sacramentis, etc, on the properties of angels.

9. 51v
Excerpts

Excerpts from John of Salisbury, Policraticus (Book 2, Prologue) and Hugh of St Victor, Didascalion (Book 3, Chapter 13).

10. 51v-52v
Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae
Rubric: 51v: Excerpta ex libro Isidori
Incipit: 51v: Cum uoluntas conditoris cuiusque condite rei natura sit
Explicit: 52v: -ctissime princeps prelia tua (...) subsecutam . Sed quid (...) -fficit orbis||

Excerpts from Book 11, Chapter 3.

Lindsay (1911)
11. 55r-100v
Bestiary [Latin]
Rubric: 55r: De natura animantium
Incipit: 55r: Omnibus animantium adam primus uocabula indidit
Explicit: 100v: Sit procuratores uel officiales recenter substituti ; acrius insubditos deseuiunt
Final rubric: 100v: Explicit de natura animantium
11.1. 81r
Quattuor modis peccatum Gregory the Great
Incipit: 81r: Quatuor modis peccatum perpetratur in corde [quatuor] consumatur
Explicit: 81r: uel obstinacionis misere desperationis enutritur

Excerpt, with some variations and paraphrases.

11.2. 81v
Quattuor colores caelestis Isidore of Seville
Incipit: 81v: Quatuor colores celestis arcus habet . i . igneum . purpureum . album . et nigrum
Explicit: 81v: Qui crediderit et baptizatus fuerit saluus erit

Paraphrase of Isidore's text on the rainbow

12. 101r-101v
De septem miraculis mundi ab hominibus factis
Rubric: 101r: De septem mirabilibus mundi
Incipit: 101r: Primum de septem mirabilibus mundi est capitolium rome
Explicit: 101v: Et super sexaginta quatuor ; centum uiginti octo columpne faciunt finem . tam mirabilis edificii
Omont (1882), pp.
13. 101v
Incipit: 101v: Sunt lapides igni feri in quodam monte orientis
Explicit: 101v: copiosus ex ambobus ignis consurgit
14. 101v-104v
John of Salisbury, Policraticus
Rubric: 101v: Omnia varia esse et res ex side sua cui respondere . Ex policratico iohannis
Incipit: 101v: In creatoris prorumpit iniuriam ; quicumque ex constellationibus
Explicit: 104v: Omnia maiestas sua continet atque potestas . Item stabilisque manens dat cuncta moueri

Excerpts concerning auguries and necromancy.

15. 105r-108r
Rubric: 105r: De remediis fortuitorum bonorum conferunt inter se . Callio et senecca
Pseudo-Seneca the Younger, De remediis fortuitorum
Incipit: 105r:Callio . Dolor iminet . Seneca . Si exiguus est feramus leuis est patiencia
Explicit: 108r: Nulla est sepulatura . Non sepeliemur ; sed proiciemur

With additions to the text and in different order to that printed in Haase.

Haase (1902), pp. 44-55.
16. 108v-110r
Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae
Rubric: 108v: Incipit De generibus Arborum
Incipit: 108v: Arborum nomen siue herbarum ab arius inflexum creditur
Explicit: 110r: unde scriptura . scribe in buxo

Excerpts from Book 17, Chapter 6-7.

Lindsay (1911)
17. 110r-113v
Rubric: 110r: Incipit De generibus lapidum
Incipit: 110r-113v: Phisilogus dicit . Est lapis qui dicitur adamans et in quodam monte orientis inuenitur
Explicit: 113v: Urinatores qui sursum sunt ; chorum sanctorum signant
Final rubric: 113v: Explicit liber de naturis bestiarum et de qualitatibus eorumdem
18. 113v
Rubric: 113v: De vii Artibus
Incipit: 113v: Nos primum pueris ponit natura magistram
Explicit: 113v: Sed deus est et homo quam satur figurat ymago
19. 114r-120v
Marbod of Rennes, Liber lapidum
Rubric: 114r: Incipiunt versus Marbodi de lapidibus numero sexaginta
Incipit: 114r: Evax rex arabum legitur scripsisse neroni
Explicit: : Inter sanctorum agmina . cananius dom cantica
PL 171.1737-70
WIC 5968
20. 121r-126v
Floridus Macer, De uiribus herbarum
Rubric: 121r: Incipit liber Macri de naturis herbarum
Incipit: 121r: Herbarum quasdam diciturus carminem uires
Explicit: 126v: Angueritat sumptum neueris . renunque calorem
Thorndike and Kibre, 610
WIC 7711
21. 127r-134v
Bernardus Silvestris, Cosmographia
Rubric: 127r: Prologus
Incipit: 127r: Terrico ueris scientiarum titulis doctorum famosissimo ; bernardus siluestris opus suum. Aliquandiu fateor sensu
Explicit: 134v: ad quorum exor nationem totis desideriis . an helarat||

Physical Description

Secundo Folio: f. 2r Quintus planeta
Form: codex
Support: Parchment.
Extent: Codex: i + 125 + i leaves. 285 × 195 mm.
Foliation:

[i] + 1-25, 27-41, 44-52, 55-56, 58-67, 69-71, 73-106, 108-134 + [ii]

Folio numbers 26, 42-43, 53-54, 57, 68, 72 and 107 assigned to leaves no longer present in the volume, according to the interpretation of the manuscript's collation (as per historic foliation practice at Cambridge University Library). However, in the case of Quire 7, the foliation does not correctly tally with the structure of the quire. Numbering in pencil in upper right-hand corner of the rectos, by H.L. Pink (Assistant Under-Librarian 1947-1960 and Head of the Department of Manuscripts, 1960-1970).

Collation

  • Quire 18 (ff. 1-8)
  • Quire 210 (ff. 9-18)
  • Quire 38-1 (ff. 19-25: 8th leaf, f. 26, missing)
  • Quire 48 (ff. 27-34)
  • Quire 58-1 (ff. 35-41: 8th leaf, f. 42, missing)
  • Quire 68-1 (ff. 44-50: 1st leaf, f. 43, missing)
  • Quire 78-3 (ff. 51-58: 2nd leaf, f. 52, mutilated; 3rd and 4th leaves, ff. 53 and 54, missing; no leaf missing between ff. 58 and 59 (contrary to collation by H.L. Pink); 8th leaf, after f. 58, missing)
  • Quire 86(ff. 59-64)
  • Quire 96-1(ff. 65-70: 4th leaf, f. 68, missing)
  • Quire 106-1(ff. 71-76: 2nd leaf, f. 72, missing)
  • Quires 11-138(ff. 77-100)
  • Quire 148-1(ff. 101-108: 7th leaf, f. 107, missing)
  • Quires 15-178(ff. 109-132)
  • Quire 18two(ff. 133-134: rest of the quire missing)

No quire signatures. No leaf signatures. Catchwords almost all trimmed away, except for ff. 108v and 116v.

Layout

Written space 210 × 145 mm. Pricked in the inner and outer margins; usually mostly trimmed along the outer margin. Ruled in plummet. Single vertical bounding lines extending to the top of the page and into the lower margin; first and second horizontal lines extending the full width of the page, and horizonatal lines transversing the central margin; penultimate and last horizontal lines extending into the margin and occasionally the full width of the page.

Hand(s)

Littera textualis

Decoration

Miniatures ranging from 2/3-page illustrations (framed, line-drawn, tinted or fully and thickly coloured, some gilded) to 2-line images (generally simpler, tinted) of birds or fish (some mutilated).

  • 18v: Alexander the Great enthroned cross-legged as armipotens with caption above of twelve hexameters
  • 39r: blank space, probably intended for moralized cherub of De sex aliis, filled with (?)apotropaic compass pattern in ink
  • 47r: poorly traced copy of the Annunication
  • 47v: Annunciation: St Gabriel on the left with right arm raised in blessing, and the Virgin Mary on the right, standing and holding a book
  • 48r: Tobit, seated with staff to the right, being cured by St Raphael, standing to the left with right arm outstretched and index and middle fingers touching Tobit's eyes
  • 50v: St Michael, unfinished (bust and right arm only), with later additions
  • 52r: antipod; twelve-footed people (both fragmentary; leaf mutilated)
  • 52v: Bragmanni (fragmentary; leaf mutilated)
  • 56v: ox; man holding a decorated horn in the lower left-hand margin; later crude imitation of the man holding a horn in the lower margin
  • 58r: buffalo with curled horns and nose-ring; bull with yoke around neck and two cows
  • 58v: flock of sheep and rams, two of which are butting heads, and a shepherd with right arm outstretched and holding a crook, a horn strung around his neck, and a lamb in his left arm, exclaiming "ha ha ware le corn"
  • 59r: wild ass
  • 60v: mule
  • 61r: camel
  • 61v: dromedary; three stags
  • 62r: four stags crossing a river in order to find food, swimming in a line with their heads resting on the rear of the animal in front, the first stag feeding from a tree
  • 62v: fallow deer
  • 63r: she-goat
  • 63v: boar being hunted and attacked by hounds
  • 65r: leopard; lynx
  • 65v: dragon in cave, panther, two stags and a deer
  • 66r: bear
  • 66v: unicorn lying in the arms of a virgin, being slaughtered by a huntsman, with his horse standing by (in the space left for depiction of the rhinoceros)
  • 67r: monoceros
  • 67v: tigress fooled by a glass sphere thrown by a hunter mounted on a horse stealing her cub; griffin devouring a man
  • 69v: manticore
  • 70r: parandrus; yale
  • 70v: apes (one holding young) pursued by a hunter holding a net and blowing a horn (imperfect: right-hand portion of the miniature lacking owing to damage to the leaf); marmoset (in lower margin)
  • 71r: fox tricking birds by pretending to be dead
  • 71v: hyena devouring an animal; hyena feeding on a human corpse
  • 73r: in two horizontal registers: death of Jason by beheading, his dog pining; King Lysimachus joined by his dog on a funeral pyre
  • 73v: within a single miniature: to the left, a crowd of men, one blowing a horn and another with a dog on a leash that has discovered a thief; in the middle, the thief is leading away a bull and carrying a pole-axe, but is being apprehended by another man holding a sword; to the right, the thief is hanged
  • 74r: two hares; dog chasing a porcupine (with later crude copying below)
  • 74v: rabbit being chased by a weasel; melo; two cats with two mice; mice feeding; weasel chasing a lizard
  • 75r: mole; dormouse (in margin); red squirrel in a tree cracking a nut (in margin); grey squirrel perched on a raft of shells (in margin)
  • 75v: two hedgehogs, one rolling on its back to collect food; ants; ants emerging from anthills and feeding on crops (lower margin)
  • 76r: hydra (mutilated)
  • 76v: three gorgons holding an eye, spectators (in margin) turned to stone
  • 77r: three sirens lulling sailors to sleep with their music (mutilated)
  • 77v: hippocentaur with bow and arrow; onocentaur with club and shield
  • 78v: later crude copying of an eagle
  • 79v: eagle; vulture
  • 80r: two cranes; stork
  • 80v: swan, bittern; heron; ibis
  • 81r: ibis feeding young in the nest
  • 81v: rainbow; ostrich holding an egg on the ground in its beak; coot
  • 82r: kingfisher (with later addition); phoenix in the fire, beneath a sun
  • 82v: phoenix
  • 83r: two caladrius, perched on bed-sheets, with a man lying in bed; seagull
  • 83v: ericenea (with later crude copy); coot with nest in water; quail; heron
  • 84r: duck; parrot; pelicans
  • 84v: hoopoe; bee-eaters; hawk; kite; two partridges
  • 85r: cinnamolgus in nest atop a tree (trimmed away) with a man beneath with a sling; hoopoe with young pecking its plumage (with later crude tracing in lower margin)
  • 85v: later crude tracing of man with a sling; magpie; jackdaw; cuckoo; raven; crow
  • 86r: jackdaw; bats; little owl; tawny owl
  • 86v: owl; two nightingales; turtledove; pigeon; crested lark
  • 87r: crow; swallow; blackbird
  • 87v: various birds; peacock; cockerel and hen
  • 88r: later crude copy of hen (in lower margin)
  • 88v: perindeus tree with pigeons among the branches and dragon beneath
  • 89r: (?)walrus (in space for fish or baleen whale)
  • 89v: whale being hunted and caught by whalers, one astride the animal and hammering a stopper into its blow-hole
  • 90r: dolphin
  • 90v-92r: various fish, shells and molluscs (including crude later copy of a fish in the lower margin of 90v)
  • 92v: seal; hippopotamus
  • 93r: two sea serpents
  • 93v: dragon; weasel biting a basilisk (with crude later copy in lower margin)
  • 94r: viper
  • 94v: asp before a man holding a scroll inscribed "Super aspidem et Basiliscum"; three types of snake
  • 95r: five types of snake
  • 95v: boa biting and feeding from the udders of a cow; seven types of snake
  • 96r: five types of lizard; toad; salamander; salamander eating fruit from a tree with a man lying below, poisoned
  • 96v: two types of lizard; serpent shedding its skin
  • 97v: worm; spider in its web; leech
  • 98r: scorpion; caterpillar eating foliage
  • 98v: centipede; snail; silkworm; maggots
  • 99r: beehive, bees and two beekeepers
  • 101v: two fiery stones enclosing the heads of a man and a woman
  • 113v: King Evax sitting at a desk, writing
  • 120v: Marbod of Rennes sitting, writing (unfinished)
  • 126v: Bernardus Silvestris sitting, writing (unfinished, with later crude additions)

Eleven-line gold initial with red and green decorative infill (f. 44v).

Seven-line burnished gold initial on purple ground, with green, blue, orange and rose decorative infill (f. 51v).

Six-line parti-coloured burnished gold and red initial with red infill (f. 39v).

Four-line burnished gold initial on purple ground with blue and orange floral infill (f. 55r).

Three-line burnished gold initial (f. 127r).

Numerous one- to three-line red, green or blue penwork initials, often flourished in contrasting colours.

Additions

Throughout the manuscript, minor marginal annotations by a hand of the 13th century.

12r-15v: marginal annotations by a hand of the second half of the 14th century.

Numerous pen trials and full or partial alphabets, by various hands of the 16th and early 17th centuries, largely at the beginning of the manuscript.

Binding

Full goatskin, red. Douglas Cockerell and Son, Letchworth, 1967: i.e. Sydney Morris ('Sandy') Cockerell (1906-1987). See stamp on rear turn-in), comprising a date and monogram 'SE', presumably Sandy Cockerell and his wife Elizabeth.

Blind-tooled calfskin binding, with rectangular frame and central panel stamp in gold.

According to an inscription on the pastedown preserved from the previous binding on the right cover, inner, this former binding was "Repaired at the British Museum (Messrs Eyre and Spottiswoode) July-October 1911. Former binding retained and now kept with the manuscript. Formerly bound with printed Hortus sanitatis (Strasbourg, 1536), now CUL, N*.8.41.

History

Origin: England, ?London; , c. 1230.

Provenance and Acquisition

Annotations by various 16th- or early 17th-century hands, including the names "Antony Byers" (56v), "Peter" (109v-110r), (?)"Marke Barne" (131v).

One of the manuscripts of Richard Holdsworth, Master of Emmanuel College (1590-1649).

Acquired by the University Library in July 1664: no. 1 in the inventory of Holdsworth's manuscripts compiled by William Crowe (MS Ff.4.27 / Dd.8.45).

Additional Information

Record Sources

This catalogue entry draws on unpublished MS notes by M.R. James and the description prepared for Western Illuminated Manuscripts: A Catalogue of the Collection in Cambridge University Library by Paul Binski and Patrick Zutshi, with the collaboration of Stella Panayotova, Cambridge, 2011 (used here by kind permission of Cambridge University Press). The introductory summary is taken from the catalogue entry for the 2019 exhibition Book of Beasts: The Bestiary in the Medieval World, ed. by Elizabeth Morrison with Larisa Grollemond.

Availability

Entry to read in the Library is permitted only on presentation of a valid reader's card for admissions procedures contact Cambridge University Library Admissions). Contact the Manuscripts Department for further information on the availability of this manuscript

Bibliography

    Book of beasts: the bestiary in the medieval world. Book of beasts, (Yale University Press, 2019) Authority and Imitation, Kauntze, Mark (Leiden; Boston, Brill, 2014) The medieval imagination: illuminated manuscripts from Cambridge, Australia and New Zealand The medieval imagination, Stocks, BronwynMorgan, Nigel J. (Victoria, Macmillan Art, 2008) Pseudepigrapha Notes II: 3. The Contribution of the Manuscript Catalogues of M.R. James Pseudepigrapha Notes II Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha, , (18, 2, 83-160, 2008, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0951820708098808) Bestiaries and their users in the Middle Ages, Baxter, Ron (Stroud, Sutton, 1998) Medieval bestiaries: text, image, ideology Medieval bestiaries RES monographs on anthropology and aesthetics, Hassig, Debra (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995) An image fit for a king: the Glazier Psalter reconsidered An image fit for a king Journal of Medieval History, Wright, Rosemary Muir (19, 1-2, 69-124, 1993) Matthew Paris, St. Albans, London, and the leaves of the "Life of St. Thomas Becket". Burlington Magazine, Morgan, Nigel J. (130, 1019, 85-96, 1988) Early Gothic manuscripts [II]: 1250-1285 Early Gothic manuscripts [II] A survey of manuscripts illuminated in the British Isles, Morgan, N.J. (London, Harvey Miller, 1988) Der Brief Alexanders an Aristoteles über die Wunder Indiens Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie, Feldbusch, Michael (Meisenheim am Glan, Hain, 1976) Early Gothic manuscripts [I], 1190-1250 A survey of manuscripts illuminated in the British Isles, Morgan, Nigel J. (London, Harvey Miller, 1982) Painting in Britain: the Middle Ages Painting in Britain Pelican history of art, Rickert, Margaret (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1965) Mediaeval Latin and French bestiaries. University of North Carolina Studies in the Romance languages and literatures, McCulloch, Florence (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1962) A check-list of manuscripts of three Alexander texts: The Julius Valerius Epitome, the Epistola ad Aristotelem and the Collatio cum Dindimo Scriptorium: Revue internationale des études relatives aux manuscrits / International Review of Manuscript Studies, Ross, D. J. A. (1956, 127-132, 1956) Verzeichnis astrologischer und mythologischer illustrierter Handschriften des lateinischen Mittelalters / Catalogue of astrological and mythological illuminated manuscripts of the Latin Middle Ages. Verzeichnis astrologischer und mythologischer illustrierter Handschriften des lateinischen Mittelalters, Saxl, FritzMeier, Hans (London, 3: Handschriften in englischen Bibliotheken, Warburg Institute, 1953)

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