Medieval Manuscripts in Cambridge Libraries

A catalogue of Western manuscripts and papyri at Cambridge University Library, the Fitzwilliam Museum and selected Cambridge colleges

Cambridge, University Library, MS Ii.3.21

Boethius, De consolatione philosophiae; Geoffrey Chaucer, Boece

Contents

Introduction: By around 1424, seventy-four books were recorded as belonging to the University Library. Of these, four are known to survive. The manuscript shown here is one of them - and it has been part of the collection ever since that time. The list of books in which it can be identified is preserved in the Cambridge University Archives as UA, Collect. Admin. 4 (the list is on ff. 19r-37r). The manuscript is the first of two copies of Boethius's De consolatione philosophiae recorded among the Library's books of moral philosophy, and it is noted as containing the text in Latin and in English, with a commentary by Guillelmus de Aragonia and an index ('in latino et Anglico cum exposicione Willelmi media et cum tabula'). Definitive proof of the match is provided by the dicta probatoria: that is, the words that the register noted as being at the beginning of the second leaf of the text ('querimoniam') and at the beginning of the penultimate leaf of text ('modis omnibus'), both of which correspond to what is found in this manuscript. The list of books was entitled 'A register of books brought to the common library of the University of Cambridge by various benefactors': pains were therefore taken by its compilers to record the identity of these donors, presumably in order that their good works could be commemorated in future and emulated by others. Thanks to this, we know that this manuscript was given to the Library by John Croucher/Crowcher (d. 1453), fellow of Gonville Hall, and later dean of Chichester Cathedral 1426-47. Space was left in the register to accommodate the addition of further entries, with 39 more books being noted by six continuators over the following sixteen or so years. At its core, the manuscript contains an early fifteenth-century copy of De consolatione philosophiae, which was written between 523 and 526 by Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (d. 526). At that time, Boethius was imprisoned awaiting trial and ultimately execution for treason, following a spectacular fall from the professional prominence and aristocratic privilege that he had enjoyed under the patronage of the Ostrogothic king, Theodoric the Great. It takes the form of a dialogue between Boethius and Lady Philosophy, the chapters switching between 'prosa'/prose and 'metrica'/verse, as its author confronts his change in fortune, debates the relative merits of poetry and philosophy in reconciling oneself to an unjust world, and questions the source of true happiness. The Latin text is accompanied by a Middle English translation, which was composed by Geoffrey Chaucer at an unknown date, but perhaps during the 1370s or early 1380s. This copy of the translation is one of nine surviving manuscripts (plus one fragment), and it is unique in presenting the translation in parallel with the original. Chaucer's authorship is not explicitly acknowledged in this manuscript, though it is elsewhere, and there is little doubt that the attribution is genuine. His translation was based on a 'vulgate' version of Boethius's text - a textual tradition that emerged in the later middle ages and which was separate to the original version - but was mediated through Jean de Meun's French translation, and drew on a wider scholarly tradition, in particular a commentary by Nicholas Trevet and glosses associated with Remigius of Auxerre. In this manuscript, the text of De consolatione philosophiae alternates with its translation, and the two are further distinguished by the mise-en-page: the Latin is written in a large textura script on alternate lines that allowed for interlinear glosses, while the Middle English is written in a semi-formal cursive script, Anglicana formata, and single spaced; the beginning of a new chapter or its translation are signalled by a decorative initial, and running headers in the upper margin provide the number of the book and chapter found on that opening. The text and translation are preceded by an alphabetical subject index, and followed by a detailed Latin commentary by Guillelmus of Aragonia, in which different scripts were used (albeit with less consistency) in order to distinguish between quotations from Boethius and Guillelmus's explanations. The manuscript is thus set up purposely for study, providing numerous different entry points for its readers, the means for ready-reference and selective reading, as well as support in understanding the meaning of Boethius's text - and, as such, was an eminently suitable donation to the Library. Besides shedding light on the manuscript's provenance, the 'registrum librorum' is also helpful for our understanding of the form in which the manuscript arrived at the Library. Evidently, it contained not only the core text and translation of Boethius, but also the alphabetical index and the commentary of Guillelmus de Aragonia: so, these were not later additions, and must have been made at some point before the register was compiled around 1424. Although the production of each of these appears to have taken place around the same time during the early 15th century, and although the contents have a clear intellectual coherence, the codicological evidence points to them each having been made separately from one another. The parchment used for the index is dark and somewhat coarser than what follows. The area covered by writing differs across the manuscript (even allowing for the different number of columns in each Part). The scribal hand found in the index is different to those in the Parts containing Boethius's text or Guillelmus's commentary; furthermore, this latter part was copied by at least two scribes, with marked variations in script choice and execution between ff. 3:2r and 3:90v, as well as an obvious change at that juncture. Leaf signatures in the quires for Boethius's text are not visible and may have been trimmed away, but it is notable that there are some in the quires for Guillelmus's commentary and that they begin afresh there. Manuscripts are dynamic objects, subject to additions, losses or other changes during the course of their lives, and it may not be possible in this instance (as in many others) to determine the precise order or intention behind their production. It may be that these three Parts were made separately and only brought together later; that one was made and then others commissioned with the wish that they be bound with the first; or that all three were made in order to go together, but simply by different craftsmen and to slightly different designs. Unfortunately, this sense of fluidity or contingency is muddled by decisions made regarding foliation practices at Cambridge University Library. Henry Bradshaw (1831-1886), University Librarian 1867-86, was a pioneering scholar of medieval manuscripts and was instrumental in developing a means of expressing the structure of a manuscript's leaves in an alphanumerical form, known nowadays as the 'collation formula' (see Collation, below). Bradshaw went further with the University Library's own manuscripts, however, basing his numbering of their leaves - their foliation - on his interpretation of their collation: he assigned numbers to leaves that he judged to be missing (here, the first leaf of Part 3), and also restarted numbering sequences where he judged that a part of manuscript had been produced separately. In this manuscript, however, he used one sequence of numbers for both the index and the text/translation, despite them being of different production, and restarted the numbering at the beginning of the commentary. In order to balance the need to preserve the existing foliation with the need to differentiate two identical sequences in a digital environment, and in order to differentiate between sections apparently produced discretely from one another, the description provided here separates the index, the text and the commentary into three Parts, retains Bradshaw's foliation throughout, but adds a prefatory number to indicate which Part a particular folio is in: so, 1:1r is the first leaf of the index; 2:9r is the first leaf of the text; and 3:2r is the first leaf of the commentary. Dr James Freeman| Medieval Manuscripts Specialist| Cambridge University Library

Physical Description

Form: codex
Support: Parchment.
Extent: Codex: ii + 8 | 172 | 118 + ii leaves. 320 × 220 mm.
Foliation:

19th-century foliation:

[i-ii] + 1-8 | 9-180 | 2-119 + [iii-iv]

Written in pencil in the upper right-hand corner of the recto of each leaf, by Henry Bradshaw , University Librarian 1867-1886. For the purposes of cataloguing, digitisation and display, an additional prefatory number is added to each of these sequences, in order to signify the relevant part of the manuscript. So: [i-ii] + 1:1-8 | 2:9-180 | 3:2-119 + [iii-iv] Folio number 1 in Part 3 assigned to a leaf no longer present in the volume (as per historic foliation practice at Cambridge University Library).
Foliation:

Earlier 19th-century foliation:

1-298 (for ff. 1:1-8, 2:9-180 and 3:2-119)

Written at intervals, in pencil in the lower right-hand corner of the recto of a leaf. This foliation sequence is used in the catalogue published in 1858 and has been superseded by the above.

Collation

18 | 216 3-1012 1114 1212 1314 1412 1510-2 (9th-10th excised) | 1612-1 (1st missing) 17-2412 2512-1 (12th excised)

Additions

Quire signatures 1, a-o and A-K written in pencil in the lower right-hand corner of the recto side of the first leaf in each quire by a 19th-/20th-century hand.

Binding

Early 17th-century, full blind-tooled calf with rectangular and diamond-shaped frames and four fleurons, over pasteboards.

Rebacked by J.P. Gray and Son of Cambridge, 1958.

History

Provenance and Acquisition

Donated to the University Library by John Crowcher (d. 1453) , fellow of Gonville Hall and dean of Chichester Cathedral 1426-47, in or prior to 1424: recorded among the first set of titles copied into the 'Registrum librorum' of 1424-c. 1440, now University Archives, Collect. Admin. 4, ff. 19r-37r. See f. 25v: 'Item Boecius de consolacione philosophie in latino et Anglico cum exposicione Willelmi medici et cum tabula et incipit in 2o fo. querimoniam et in penultimo modis omnibus ex dono Magistri Iohannis Croucher'.

Part 1: Index [Cambridge, University Library, MS Ii.3.21, ff. 1:1-1:8]

Contents

Language(s): Latin

1. 1:1r-1:8v
Alphabetical index to Boethius, De consolatione philosophiae
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 1:1r: Accusare non possunt
Explicit: 1:8v: sensibilia racio comprehendit . libro quinto . prosa quarta
Final rubric: 1:8v: Explicit tabula super libros quinque boecii de consolacione philosophie; tabula ista modo composita est super prosas dicti libri et super Metrici eiusdem libri

Physical Description

Secundo Folio: 1:2r: et ocia sectantes
Form: codex
Support: Parchment (FHHF)
Extent: Codex: 8 leaves.

Collation

  • Quire 18 (ff. 1:1-1:8)

No leaf signatures.

No quire signatures.

 No catchwords.

Condition

Folio 1r stained across right-hand column of text. Text rubbed in lower right-hand corner of 1r; some lines no longer legible.

Layout

255 × 180 mm. Ruled in leadpoint, frame and line. Two columns. 47 lines to the page, written below top line. Vertical ruled lines visible on several leaves, as if they had previously been prepared for writing at a different orientation, or for the composition of a table.

Hand(s)

Written in Anglicana formata by a single hand.

Decoration

Three- to five-line initials in blue, with infill and marginal flourishing in red.

History

Origin: Early 15th century. ; England.

Part 2: De consolatione philosophiae, with Middle English translation [Cambridge, University Library, MS Ii.3.21, ff. 2:9-2:180]

Contents

Language(s): Latin; Middle English with dialectal features locatable to Kent [see LALME, I:68]

2. 2:9r-2:177r
De consolatione philosophiae Boethius
Language(s): Latin
Rubric: 2:9r: Boecii Mallii seuerini Patricii ex consularis ordinarii anicii primus de philosophica consolacione liber incipit
Incipit: 2:9r: [C]armina qui quondam studio florente peregi
Explicit: 2:177r: Cum ante oculos agatis . iudicis cuncta cernentis. Qui est dominus noster ihesu christi . cui sit honor et gloria in secula seculorum . Amen .
CPL 878
PL 63:579-862
Silk (1930): diplomatic edition of text, with marginal and interlinear glosses
Weinberger (1934) (MS not used in edition)
Bieler, CCSL 94 (2nd edn., 1984) (MS not used in edition)
Edited by Moreschini (2000)
Machan (2005): source text edition, using this MS (as MS C2) as the base text
3. 2:9v-2:180v
Boece Geoffrey Chaucer
Language(s): Middle English with dialectal features locatable to Kent [see LALME, I:68]
Incipit: 2:9v: Allas I we[...] -nen vers [...] floryssyng [...]
Explicit: 2:180v: To whom be goye and worshipe bi Infynyt tymes . Amen .
Final rubric: 2:180v: Explicit expliceat Ludere scriptor eat . inito libro sit laus et gloria christo / Corpore scribentis sit gratia cunctipotentis

Opening words partly lost through removal of the accompanying decorated initial.

Silk (1930): diplomatic edition
Benson and Robinson (1987) (MS C2, in Group β)
Machan (2008): critical edition based on this MS (as MS C2)
Griffin (2023): edition in modern English
3.1. 2:52v-2:53r
The Former Age [Aetas Prima] Geoffrey Chaucer
Language(s): Middle English with dialectal features locatable to Kent [see LALME, I:68]
Rubric: 2:52v: Chawcer vpon this fyfte metur of the second book
Incipit: 2:52v: A blysful lyf apaysyble and a swete / ledden the poeples in the former age
Explicit: 2:53r: dowblenesse and tresoun and enuye / poyson and manslawhtre and mordre in sondrywyse
DIMEV 14
NIMEV 28
Furnivall (1868-1880)
Furnivall (1871-1928)
Skeat (1894-1897)
Robinson (1957)
Sisam and Sisam (1970)
Pace and David (1982)
Benson and Robinson (1987)
3.2. 2:53r-2:54r
'Ballad of Fortune' Geoffrey Chaucer
Rubric: 2:53r: Causer / Balades de vilage sanz peinture
Incipit: 2:53r: This wretched worlde is transmutacioun / as wele / or wo / now poeere and now honour
Explicit: 2:54r: Preyeth hys best frend of his noblesse / That to som betere estat he may attayne
DIMEV 5803
NIMEV 3661
Furnivall (1868-1880)
Furnivall (1871-1928)
Skeat (1897)
Robinson (1957)
Pace and David (1982)
Benson and Robinson (1987)

Physical Description

Secundo Folio: 2:10r: querimoniam lacrimabilem
Form: codex
Support: Parchment (FHHF)
Extent: Codex: 172 leaves.

Collation

  • Quire 216 (ff. 2:9-2:24)
  • Quires 3-1012 (ff. 2:25-2:120)
  • Quire 1114 (ff. 2:121-2:134)
  • Quire 1212 (ff. 2:135-2:146)
  • Quire 1314 (ff. 2:147-2:160)
  • Quire 1412 (ff. 2:161-2:172)
  • Quire 1510-2 (ff. 2:173-2:180: 9th-10th leaves excised)

No leaf signatures.

No quire signatures.

 Catchwords, enclosed in decorative scrolls drawn in ink. Different design to those found in Part 3.

Condition

Opening initial of Boethius excised, with loss of text on ff. 9r-9v, and knife damage to ff. 10-13. Rubbing on f. 9r, leading to loss of some of the border decoration, main text and marginal commentary. Losses to lower outer corner of ff. 9-12; no text lost.

Layout

230-235 × 95 mm. Boethius text: Ruled in leadpoint, sometimes frame only and sometimes frame and line (especially on pages shared with translation). Single column. 21-22 lines to the page, double-spaced, written below top line.

230-235 × 95 mm. Chaucer translation: Ruled in leadpoint, sometimes frame only and sometimes frame and line (especially on pages shared with Boethius text). Single column. 41-44 lines to the page, single-spaced, written below top line.

Hand(s)

Text of Boethius written in littera textualis. Treatment of the minims varies in formality, ranging between textura semi-quadrata (see ff. 2:9r-2:21r, for example) and more formal textura quadrata (see ff. 2:24v-2:31v for example), and perhaps completed by more than one hand.

Text of Chaucer's transation written in Anglicana formata.

Marginal and interlinear glosses and commentary written in Anglicana.

Decoration

Bar border extending from the now-lost initial on f. 2:9r, framing the opening page of the text of Boethius on three sides, and decorated with stylised blue and purple leaves and flowers, and sprays in black ink with gold discs. According to Binski and Zutshi, '[the] only work of this artist in [the] manuscript' (see Source).

Four- to nine-line initials in blue, rose and purple, filled with blue, purple and orange foliage scrolls, on burnished gold grounds, with branches of leaves in similar colours, at the beginning of the text of each Book (ff. 2:32v, 2:64v, 2:108r, 2:149v). A twelve-line initial of similar design has been excised from f. 2:9r.

Two- to five-line initials in blue, with infill and marginal flourishing in red, at the beginning of each chapter of the text of Boethius and the translation.

Litterae notabiliores in the text of Boethius, touched with red.

Marginal commentary often introduced by red paraph marks.

History

Origin: Early 15th century. ; England.

Part 3: Commentary on Boethius [Cambridge, University Library, MS Ii.3.21, ff. 3:2-3:119]

Contents

Language(s): Latin

4. 3:2r-3:199v
Commentary on Boethius, De consolatione philosophiae Guillelmus de Aragonia
Language(s): Latin
4.1. 3:2r-3:8v
Preface I
Incipit: 3:2r: In libro Boecii de consolacione philosophie cuius subiectum est consolacio philosophica que nichil aliud quam ronalis
Explicit: 3:8v: et maximus quicquid agimus agamus ante iudicem vniuersa cernentem Cui laus honor et gloria in secula seculorum Amen
4.2. 3:9r-3:10r
Preface II
Incipit: 3:9r: Sicut dicit philosophus primo polliticorum Omnia bonum appetunt . quod non tantum auctoritate philosophi
Explicit: 3:10v-3:10r: Et ideo boecius in libro isto procedit...et cetera dicit gero primo a noce dolentis incipiens .
Crespo (1973), pp. 55-60
4.3. 3:10r-3:119v
Text
Incipit: 3:10r: Carmina qui quondam...supra quam mihi dolendum...et supra libros composui ut de scolastica disciplina de ebdomadibus de trinitate
Explicit: 3:119v: cum omnia autem oculos agitis iudicis cuncta cernentis . Cui laus honor et gloria in saecula saeculorum . Amen
Final rubric: 3:119v: Explicit Liber Boecii de consolacione philosophie cum eius exposicione preclara quam Iohannes Teutonicus proscripsit et finiuit Anno domini . Mo . CCCo . vio viiio ydus Iunii .| Hec lectura petit quisnam sit lector et vnde / Ne careat tytulis vt peregrina suis / Hic est Willelmus medicine sorte magister / Regis Arogonie de dicione fuit

See Origin for further discussion of the colophon.

Olmedilla Herero (2002)

Physical Description

Secundo Folio: 3:2r: In libro Boecii de consolacione philosophie
Secundo Folio: 3:3r: metri faliscus
Form: codex
Support: Parchment (usually FHHF, but opening quire HFFH, allowing for lost first leaf, and some irregularities thereafter)
Extent: Codex: 118 leaves.

Collation

  • Quire 1612-1 (ff. 3:2-3:12: 1st leaf, f. 3:1, missing)
  • Quires 17-2412 (ff. 3:13-3:108v)
  • Quire 2512-1 (ff. 3:109-3:119: 12th leaf excised, probably blank)

Leaf signatures, in typical late medieval alphanumeric form in Quire 16 (a ii-a vi), trimmed away thereafter until Quire 23, where found in simple Roman numerals (ii-vi).

No quire signatures.

 Catchwords, enclosed in decorative scrolls drawn in ink. Different design to those found in Part 2.

Condition

Closing leaves of this part stained and grimy around edges and at corners.

Layout

220-230 × 145-150 mm. Ruled in leadpoint, frame only (line ruling occasionally visible). Two columns, 41-42 lines to the page, written below top line.

Hand(s)

A hierarchy of scripts was employed in order to differentiate between quotations from Boethius (typically also underlined in red) and the commentary across much of the text in this Part. However, the choice of scripts varies, and there is considerable fluctuation in the formality with which they are executed. Folios 3:2r-3:8v comprise textura quadrata for quotations and commentary, the latter executed in a smaller module, but drifting in places into Anglicana formata before returning to the more formal textura. Folio 3:9r begins similarly, however the commentary again drifts into Anglicana formata and the quotations likewise stray from strict textura, with the use of Anglicana letter-forms such as long r. Later, from around f. 3:21r onwards, the commentary becomes increasingly cursive, and although the script remains at heart Anglicana the influence of Secretary letter forms and the thick-thin contrast in pen-strokes becomes more apparent. From f. 3:39r onwards, the quotations themselves become fully cursive, too, with Anglicana formata adopted, before reverting to textura from f. 3:44r. Similar fluctuations between set and cursive scripts continue until f. 3:90v, whereupon there is a definite change in scribal hand, halfway down the first column of text. Quotations are at first written in Anglicana formata, but this is abandoned in short order, with both quotations and commentary written for the remainder in Secretary script.

Decoration

Six-line initial in blue, rose and purple, filled with a blue, purple and orange foliage scroll, on burnished gold ground, with branches of leaves in similar colours, at the beginning of Preface II (f. 3:9r)

Two- to five-line initials in blue, with infill and marginal flourishing in red, at the beginning of each chapter. The style of marginal flourishing is different between ff. 3:74v and 3:95r.

History

Origin: Early 15th century. ; England.

The colophon on f. 3:119v names the scribe as Iohannes Teutonicus and the date at which the copying was completed as the 8th Ides of July (i.e. 8th July) 1303. Either a 'C' was omitted from the date given in Roman numerals, giving 1303 instead of 1403, or the colophon was copied verbatim from the exemplar.

Additional Information

Record Sources

This catalogue entry draws on the description provided by Paul Binski and Patrick Zutshi, with the collaboration of Stella Panayotova, Western Illuminated Manuscripts: A Catalogue of the Collection in Cambridge University Library (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011) (used here by kind permission of Cambridge University Press), and an unpublished description of the manuscript composed between 1926 and 1930 by M.R. James , now held in the University Archives (UA ULIB 7/3/74).

Availability

Entry to read in the Library is permitted only on presentation of a valid reader's card. For information on eligibility and admissions procedures, see Joining the Library). For further enquiries, and to confirm the availability of the manuscript, please contact the Special Collections Reading Room.

Bibliography

    Editions:

    A one-text print of Chaucer's minor poems, being the best text of each poem in the Parallel-text edition, for handy use by editors and readers Chaucer Society. First series, (London, Pub. for the Chaucer Society by N. Trübner & Co., 1868) Chaucer's translation of Boethius's <hi rend="italics">De consolatione philosophiæ</hi>: edited from the Additional MS. 10,340 in the British Museum. Collated with Cambridge Univ. Libr. MS. Ii. 3. 21 Chaucer's translation of Boethius's "De consolatione philosophiæ." Early English text society, (London, Pub. for the Early English Text Society, by N Trübner & Co, 1868) A parallel-text edition of Chaucer's minor poems Chaucer Society. First series, (London; New York, Oxford University Press, 1871) Chaucer's <hi rend="italics">Boece</hi> Englisht from <hi rend="italics">Anicii Manlii Severini Boetii Philosophiae consolationis libri quinque</hi>: edited from MS Ii.3.21, in the University Library, Cambridge Chaucer Society. First series, (London, Trübner for the Chaucer Society, 1886) The complete works of Geoffrey Chaucer, edited, from numerous manuscripts, (Oxford, 1, Clarendon Press, 1897) Cambridge MS Ii.3.21 and the relation of Chaucer's <hi rend="italics">Boethius</hi> to Trivet and Jean de Meung, Silk, Edmund T. (1930, unpublished PhD dissertation) Ancii Manlii Severini Boethii, <hi rend="italics">Philosophiae consolationis libri quinque</hi> Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum, (Vindobonae, Hoelder-Pichler-Tempsky, 1934) The complete works of Geoffrey Chaucer, (London, Oxford University Press, 1957) The Oxford book of medieval English verse, (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1970) Il prologo alla traduzione della 'Consolatio Philosophiae' di Jean de Meun e il commento di Guglielmo d'Aragona Romanitas et Christianitas; studia Iano Henrico Waszink a. d. VI Kal. Nov. a. MCMLXXIII XIII lustra complenti oblata, , (Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1973) The minor poems: Truth, The envoy to Bukton, Gentilesse, The envoy to Scogan, Lak of stedfastnesse, To Rosemounde, The former age, Merciles beaute, Fortune, Womanly noblesse, The complaint of Chaucer to his purse, Against women unconstant, Adam Scriveyn, Proverbs, (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1982) The Riverside Chaucer, (Boston (MA), Houghton Mifflin, 1987) <hi rend="italics">Boece</hi> The Riverside Chaucer, (Boston (MA), Houghton Mifflin, 1987) Edición crítica de los comentarios de Guillermo de Aragón al <hi rend="italics">De Consolatione Philosophiae</hi> de Boecio, Herrero, Carmen Olmedilla (1997, unpublished PhD dissertation) The Consolation tradition and the text of Chaucer's <hi rend="italics">Boece</hi> Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, Machan, Tim William (91, 1, 31-50, 1997) Sources of the <hi rend="italics">Boece</hi> Chaucer library, Machan, Tim WilliamMinnis, Alastair J. (Athens, GA, The University of Georgia Press, 2005) Chaucer's <hi rend="italics">Boece</hi>: a critical edition based on Cambridge University Library, MS Ii.3.21, ff. 9r-180v Middle English texts, (Heidelberg, Winter, 2008)

Bibliography

    Translations:

    Chaucer’s Translation of Boethius’s <hi rend="italics">The Consolation of Philosophy</hi>: A Modern English Rendering, Griffin, Conan M. (Brill, 2023, https://brill.com/display/title/63410)

Bibliography

    Manuscript Descriptions:

    A catalogue of the manuscripts preserved in the library of the University of Cambridge, (Cambridge, 3: Gg-Kk, Cambridge University Press, 1858) A linguistic atlas of late mediaeval English, McIntosh, AngusSamuels, M.L.Benskin, Michael (Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press, 1986) Codices Boethiani: a conspectus of manuscripts of the works of Boethius Warburg Institute surveys and texts, Gibson, Margaret T.Smith, Lesley (London; Turin, 1. Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland, Warburg Institute, University of London; Nino Aragno Editore, 1995) A catalogue of Chaucer manuscripts, Seymour, M.C. (Aldershot, 1: Works before the Canterbury Tales, Scolar Press, 1995) The university and college libraries of Cambridge, with an introduction by Roger Lovatt Corpus of British medieval library catalogues, Clarke, Peter D. (London, British Library in Association with the British Academy, 2002) Manuscripts in the University Library, Cambridge (Dd-Oo) Index of Middle English Prose, Connolly, Margaret (Woodbridge, D.S. Brewer, 2009) Cambridge, University Library, MS Ii.3.21, part 1 Late Medieval English Scribes, Mooney, LinneStubbs, Estelle (2011, http://www.medievalscribes.com/index.php?navtype=manuscripts&navlocation=Cambridge&browse=manuscripts&navlibrary=Cambridge+University+Library&id=22&nav=off)

Bibliography

    Secondary studies:

    Der vollständige Kommentar des Guillelmus de Aragonia über die <hi rend="italics">Consolatio philosophiae</hi> Bulletin de philosophie médiévale, Senner, Walter (22, 98-100, 1980) Aspects of the medieval French and English traditions of the <hi rend="italics">De consolatione philosophiae</hi> Boethius: his life, thought and influence, Minnis, Alastair J. (Oxford, 312-361, Blackwell, 1981) Latin and vernacular in the northern European tradition of the <hi rend="italics">De consolatione philosophiae</hi> Boethius: his life, thought and influence, Palmer, Nigel F. (Oxford, 362-409, Blackwell, 1981) Techniques of translation: Chaucer's <hi rend="italics">Boece</hi>, Machan, Tim William (Norman, Okla., Pilgrim Books, 1985) A fourteenth-century Picard translation-commentary of the <hi rend="italics">Consolatio philosophiae</hi> The Medieval Boethius: Studies in the vernacular translations of <hi rend="italics">De consolatione philosophiae</hi>, Atkinson, J. Keith (Cambridge, 32-62, D.S. Brewer, 1987) Clearing the fields: towards a reassessment of Chaucer's use of Trevet in the <hi rend="italics">Boece</hi> The Medieval Boethius: Studies in the vernacular translations of <hi rend="italics">De consolatione philosophiae</hi>, Gleason, Mark J. (Cambridge, 89-105, D.S. Brewer, 1987) Editorial method and medieval translations: the example of Chaucer's <hi rend="italics">Boece</hi> Studies in Bibliography: Papers of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, Machan, Tim William (41, 188-196, 1988) Chaucer's commentator: Nicholas Trevet and the <hi rend="italics">Boece</hi> Chaucer's <hi rend="italics">Boece</hi> and the medieval tradition of Boethius Chaucer studies, Minnis, Alastair J. (Cambridge, 83-166, D.S. Brewer, 1993) The <hi rend="italics">Boece</hi> as late-medieval translation Chaucer's <hi rend="italics">Boece</hi> and the Medieval Tradition of Boethius Chaucer Studies, Minnis, Alastair J.Machan, Tim William (Cambridge, 167-188, D.S. Brewer, 1993) Fifteenth-century Middle English verse author collections The English Medieval Book. Studies in Memory of Jeremy Griffiths, Edwards, A.S.G. (London, 101-112, British Library, 2000) Latin commentary tradition and vernacular literature The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism: Volume 2: The Middle Ages The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism, Hanna, RalphHunt, TonyKeightley, R. G.Minnis, AlastairPalmer, Nigel F. (Cambridge, 2, 361-421, Cambridge University Press, 2005, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-literary-criticism/latin-commentary-tradition-and-vernacular-literature/FF4F24F30D6B5B7DEF7E15E72E87891E) Making the <hi rend="italics">Consolatio</hi> in Middle English A Companion to Boethius in the Middle Ages Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition, Johnson, Ian (Leiden, 413-446, Brill, 2012)

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