Medieval Manuscripts in Cambridge Libraries

A catalogue of Western manuscripts and papyri at Cambridge University Library, the Fitzwilliam Museum and selected Cambridge colleges

Cambridge, University Library, MS Ee.4.24

Psalter

Contents

Introduction: Cambridge, University Library, MS Ee.4.24 principally comprises a fully illustrated text of the Psalter (ff. 6r-35v), datable on art-historical grounds to around 1270-80. In addition, the manuscript contains an incomplete Calendar, showing only the months of March, April, September, October, November and December (ff. 1r-3v), and thirteen Canticles, which are also incomplete, owing to the loss of the last leaf of the manuscript (ff. 35v-38v). Significant due to the extent and nature of its illustrative programme, the manuscript contains copious decoration, including historiated initials, line fillers and border decoration. Each month of the Calendar is provided with two miniatures, one showing the occupation of the month and the other the signs of the zodiac. Each psalm, likewise, has been given a dedicated illustration depicting some aspect of the psalm's meaning, except for the psalms beginning the seven Nocturnes, which show instead enlarged scenes from the Life of David (see, for instance, the initial showing David and Goliath on f. 6r). An index for the illustrations, possibly contemporary with the manuscript and describing the subject of each miniature in Norman French, has been inserted on a a separate bifolium between the Calendar and the beginning of the Psalms (ff. 4v-5v). Throughout the manuscript, there is elaborate marginal and interlinear decoration, comprising birds, animals, fish and hybrid humans and beasts. Since Samuel Berger's work in the late 19th century, this manuscript has traditionally been discussed as one of a group of French illuminated psalters comprising comprehensive illustrations for each psalm together with explanatory inscriptions. This group, which scholars have added to and subtracted from in subsequent revisions of the corpus, contains, in the most recent discussion of the group (Peterson (2004)), the present manuscript (described as 'The Moore Psalter') and each of the following: The precise nature of the relationship between each of the manuscripts in the group remains unclear. Although there are similarities between their iconography and between the rubrics that accompany them, E.A. Peterson has concluded that a model-copy relationship is unlikely: 'the varying compositions of the historiated initials...will not support a clear line of recension for the group'. Rather, subtle differences of detail between each psalter's programme of illumination suggest that the details were left to the discretion of the artist responsible (see Peterson (1997)). This could sometimes result in idiosyncrasies of iconography that make for unique visual interpretations of the Psalter text. For example, the illumination accompanying Psalm 25 is traditionally represented by an eagle flying into a fountain in order to renew its youth; here, instead, it shows instead a flying angel (see f. 10r). This may have arisen at some point as a consequence of mistranscription by a scribe or misreading by an artist of 'angle' (i.e. angel) for 'aigle' (i.e. eagle), which has informed subsequent iconography in the historiated initials and their description in the rubrics. Indeed, in the index of illustrations the image is accordingly described as 'Li angle ist de fontaine renouelez'. In his 1898 study of some of the manuscripts in this group, Samuel Berger described the rubrics as 'notes pour l'enlumineur'. However, their formal presentation here suggests otherwise, and Peterson has noted that the rubrics here and elsewhere 'function inadequately as descriptions of the subjects in the initials'. As a whole, and notwithstanding its current condition, the manuscript remains an impressive object, characterised by innovative visual interpretations of the psalms, intricate decorative details, and a lavish use of colour and gold leaf. Its ownership by two great bibliophiles of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries - Sir Thomas Knyvett and John Moore - suggests that it has long been valued as an example for its presentation of an unusually full, and illuminated, cycle of psalmic iconography. Elizabeth Wright| University of York (2015) Revised by James Freeman|Medieval Manuscripts Specialist|Cambridge University Library (2024)
1. 1r-3v
Calendar
Language(s): Latin

Calendar misbound and incomplete, containing only March, April, September, October, November and December. It is based on north French Use, but was made for English Use. Though not Sarum Use, it contains a significant number of English feasts:

  • Chad, Felix, Cuthbert (2nd, 8th and 20th March)
  • Alphege (19th April)
  • translation of Cuthbert, Edith (4th and 16th September)
  • Paulinus, Wilfrid (graded), Frideswide, John of Beverley (10th, 12th 19th and 25th October)
  • Edmund of Canterbury, Hugh of Lincoln (graded), Edmund King and Martyr (16th, 17th and 20th November)
  • Thomas of Canterbury (29th December)

2. 4r-5v
Index of illumination
Language(s): Latin and Norman French in two columns
3. 6r-35v
Psalter
Language(s): Latin
35v-38v
Canticles
Language(s): Latin

The Canticles are missing a final leaf: the text ends imperfectly, but the contents of the index confirms that no illumination has been lost.

Physical Description

Form: codex
Support: Parchment (FHHF)
Extent: Codex: vii + 38 + vii leaves. Only the first of each set of blank endleaves has been photographed. 290 × 205 mm.
Foliation:

20th-century foliation

[i-vii] + 1-38 + [viii-xiv]

Written in pencil in the upper right-hand corner of the rectos by an unidentified hand of the 20th century.

Collation

The manuscript comprises five quires of varying sizes. Quire 1, originally a gathering of six leaves, has lost three leaves, with the remaining three now bound out of order: ff. 1-3 were once the 6th, 2nd and 5th leaves of this quire.

  • Quire 16-3 (ff. 1-3: 1st, 3rd and 4th leaves missing)
  • Quire 22 (ff. 4-5)
  • Quires 3-412 (ff. 6-29)
  • Quire 510-1 (ff. 30-39; 39 is a stub bearing a small amount of marginal decoration)

16-3 (1st, 3rd, 4th missing) 22 3-412 510-1 (10th a stub)

Condition

Folio 1r was previously used as a pastedown, and is now heavily stained and rubbed. The rest of the manuscript shows signs of extensive wear, with occasional dark smudges and areas of the text stained brown, as on f. 6r. Some initials, for instance that in the right-hand column of f. 15v, are heavily rubbed, obscuring the faces of figures. The manuscript's edges have been trimmed at rebinding, resulting in the cropping of some of the border decorations (see f. 28r). A small fragment of border decoration remains on f. 39r.

Layout

215 × 145 mm. Psalter and index: frame and line ruling in leadpoint, two columns, 48 lines to the page, written below top line.

215 × 145 mm. Calendar: Frame and line ruling in leadpoint. 47 lines to the page.

Hand(s)

Written in littera textualis.

Decoration

Miniatures comprising zodiac signs and occupations of months within the Calendar on burnished gold and patterned red or blue ground within barbed quatrefoils set on blue or red patterned ground in gold frames (some rubbed):

  • 1r: November: beating for acorns; Sagittarius
  • 1v: December: slaughtering pig; Capricorn
  • 2r: March: pruning vines; Aries
  • 2v: April: man holding branch and bird; Taurus
  • 3r: September: harvesting and treading grapes; Libra
  • 3v: October: sowing; Scorpio

Six- to ten-line historiated initials, on burnished gold and patterned red or blue ground to each psalm and canticle:

  • 6r: Anointing of David; David and Goliath (Ps. 1)
  • 6r: Pilate and Herod conspire against Christ (or Pilate in debate with the Jews?) (Ps. 2)
  • 6r: Absalom hanging in an oak tree by his hair (Ps. 3)
  • 6r: David asleep (Ps. 4)
  • 6v: Abraham repudiates Hagar (Ps. 5)
  • 6v: David in bed praying to God (Ps. 6)
  • 6v: Shimei threatens to stone David (Ps. 7)
  • 7r: man with winepress (Ps. 8)
  • 7r: acolyte and celebrant praying at altar with chalice and corporal (Ps. 9)
  • 7v: man looking at bird on tree (Ps. 10)
  • 7v: Last Judgement: resurrection of the dead, angels trumpeting (Ps. 11)
  • 7v: priest vested by assistant (Ps. 12)
  • 7v: Jew in pointed hat looking at tree (Ps.13)
  • 8r: Ecclesia with staff-cross and chalice (Ps. 14)
  • 8r: Resurrection (Ps. 15)
  • 8r: David crowned by God (Ps. 16)
  • 8r: Amalekite offers crown to David (Ps. 17)
  • 9r: Pentecost (Ps. 18)
  • 9r: woman praying to Christ (Ps. 19)
  • 9r: David crowned by the Lord before altar (Ps. 20)
  • 9r: Crucifixion (Ps. 21)
  • 9v: group of people led by Jew and woman with child enter city (Ps. 22)
  • 9v: Christ kicking gates of Hell (Ps. 23)
  • 10r: man attacked by two others (Ps. 24)
  • 10r: angel flying out of well-head in mountain (misunderstanding of text: angel / eagle; Ps. 25)
  • 10r: David carrying Goliath's head; women playing and dancing below (Ps. 26)
  • 10v: David praying at altar (Ps. 27)
  • 10v: priest offering lamb at altar (Ps. 28)
  • 10v: acolyte and priest at altar with chalice (Ps. 29)
  • 11r: man catching birds on string (Ps. 30)
  • 11r: baptism of child (Ps. 31)
  • 11v: Christ holding crown and flail (Ps. 32)
  • 11v: David with club and bread (like fool) before three men (Ps. 33)
  • 12r: Christ standing and holding staff-cross (Ps. 34)
  • 12r: Joab and Amasa (Ps. 35)
  • 12v: man picking herbs (Ps. 36)
  • 13r: David with dagger, prophet (Gad?) behind and soldier before him (Ps. 37)
  • 13r: Saul throwing lance at David who is playing harp (Ps. 38)
  • 13v: the Lord holding crown and pulling young David up (Ps. 39)
  • 13v: David giving bread to poor (Ps. 40)
  • 14r: man shooting at stag (Ps. 41)
  • 14r: deacon with circular flabellum and priest at altar with chalice (Ps. 42)
  • 14r: man blowing trumpet in tower, two horsemen below (Ps. 43)
  • 14v: Virgin seated with book above three women playing music (Ps. 44)
  • 14v: Ecclesia and Synagoga (Ps. 45)
  • 14v: Ascension (Ps. 46)
  • 15r: Herod and man breaking ships with axes (Ps. 47)
  • 15r: soul of dying man taken by two devils (Ps. 48)
  • 15v: the Lord repels Jew kneeling with sheaf before altar (Ps. 49)
  • 15v: Nathan pointing to David's eye (misunderstanding of text: eye / sheep; Ps. 50)
  • 15v: Doeg slaying Achimelech (Ps. 51)
  • 16r: Achimelech giving bread to David; Achimelech holding Doeg's lance and pointing at David (Ps. 52)
  • 16r: David cutting Saul's cloak (Ps. 53)
  • 16r: two men in boat (Ps. 54)
  • 16v: David holding lance before Saul in bed (Ps. 55)
  • 16v: David with staff, man kneeling before Saul (Ps. 56)
  • 16v: man balancing bowl on stick above man holding bag and snake (Ps. 57)
  • 16v: Michol lets David out through window (Ps. 58)
  • 17r: David touching gate of burning city with staff (Ps. 59)
  • 17r: David trampling on devil (Ps. 60)
  • 17r: men beneath collapsing tower (Ps. 61)
  • 17v: David seated under tree (Ps. 62)
  • 17v: David seated between trees above man with bow (Ps. 63)
  • 17v: David holding hand of Jew and observed by three Jews in building (Ps. 64)
  • 18r: lioness reviving cub (Ps. 65)
  • 18r: Aaron with flowering rod (Ps. 66)
  • 18r: Moses and Aaron in Ark, with two men (Ark confused with Noah's Ark; Ps. 67)
  • 18v: Michol reproaching David who is playing harp before Ark carried on chariot (Ps. 68)
  • 19r: two men bringing Ishbosheth's head to David (Ps. 69)
  • 19r: David in tower above three horsemen (Ps. 70)
  • 19v: three men worshipping idols (Ps. 71)
  • 19v: Moses breaking Tablets of Law (Ps. 72)
  • 20r: Christ pushes Synagoga away with stick (Ps. 73)
  • 20r: man kneeling in confession before hooded priest in brown cloak (Ps. 74)
  • 20v: the Lord lifting covers of sleeping king (Ps. 75)
  • 20v: David crowned by the Lord (Ps. 76)
  • 20v: Moses striking water out of rock (Ps. 77)
  • 21v: two beasts devouring two corpses (Ps. 78)
  • 21v: Christ between vines (Ps. 79)
  • 22r: horsemen above group of women and two men carrying Ark (Ps. 80)
  • 22r: idols falling before Christ (Ps. 81)
  • 22r: Deborah driving nail into church facade (misunderstanding of text: temple / Sisera's temples, Ps. 82)
  • 22v: acolyte and priest before altar with chalice (Ps. 83)
  • 22v: Nativity (Ps. 84)
  • 22v: bird on altar, another bird flying above (Ps. 85)
  • 23r: Dormition of Virgin (Ps. 86)
  • 23r: man blowing bellows at fire on which man with tied hands and feet is lying (Ps. 87)
  • 23r: Father and Son seated above sun and moon (Ps. 88)
  • 24r: man holding winnowing basket (Ps. 89)
  • 24r: Christ between two candlesticks trampling on lion and dragon (Ps. 90)
  • 24r: David with sword seated between two soldiers (Ps. 91)
  • 24v: Christ blessing and holding book (Ps. 92)
  • 24v: fire sent from above upon man attacking fellow with dagger (Ps. 93)
  • 24v: wise virgin let into house with Christ, foolish virgin shut out (Ps. 94)
  • 25r: layman, acolyte and priest holding host over chalice (Ps. 95)
  • 25r: people at gate meet David riding (Ps. 96)
  • 25r: Death of Absalom; news brought to David (Ps. 97)
  • 25v: Moses holding Tablets and praying to God (Ps. 98)
  • 25v: Christ as Good Shepherd, holding book and club and tending sheep below (Ps. 99)
  • 25v: righteous man on left crowned by Christ, wicked man on right in flames (Ps. 100)
  • 25v: pelican feeding chicks (Ps. 101)
  • 26r: eagle pecking at stone by stream (Ps. 102)
  • 26r: dead donkey by stream (Ps. 103)
  • 26v: Pharaoh giving key to Joseph (Ps. 104)
  • 27r: Jews kneeling to red calf (Ps. 105)
  • 27v: Annunciation to Shepherds (Ps. 106)
  • 28r: Jacob blessing sons (Jacob cross-nimbed; Ps. 107)
  • 28r: Judas' suicide (Ps. 108)
  • 28v: David's last words; David on death bed (Ps. 109)
  • 28v: sacrifice of Isaac (Ps. 110)
  • 28v: man giving bread to poor (Ps. 111)
  • 29r: anointing of David (Ps. 112)
  • 29r: man worshipping an idol above gryllus with bagpipe (Ps. 113)
  • 29r: Samson carrying gates of Gaza (Ps. 114)
  • 29v: layman receiving communion from priest (Ps. 115)
  • 29v: two spies carrying grapes (Ps. 116)
  • 29v: man climbing up tower (Ps. 117)
  • 29v: man reading from book (Ps. 118, Aleph)
  • 30r: man with book looking up to Christ (Beth)
  • 30r: man praying to Christ (Gimel)
  • 30r: David asleep (Daleth)
  • 30r: man turning away from woman (He)
  • 30r: the Lord blessing David in prayer (Vau)
  • 30v: fire behind man attacking fellow with dagger (Zain)
  • 30v: man reading from book (Cheth)
  • 30v: man slaying saint (Teth)
  • 30v: God creating Adam (Jod)
  • 30v: Presentation in Temple (Caph)
  • 31r: God creating sun and moon (Lamed)
  • 31r: youth instructing an old man (Mem)
  • 31r: two men walking, one carrying lantern (Nun)
  • 31r: two doves perching on pinnacles of gabled colonnade above stream (Samech)
  • 31r: Christ speaking to three Jews (Ain)
  • 31r: Annunciation (Pe)
  • 31v: Pentecost (Tsade)
  • 31v: black monk kneeling at altar (Koph)
  • 31v: man shooting at dragon escaping into hole (Resh)
  • 31v: flagellation of saint (Shin)
  • 31v: man carrying blue sheep over shoulders (Tay)
  • 32r: man praying at altar on top of fifteen steps (Ps. 119)
  • 32r: man blowing trumpet from castle tower (Ps. 120)
  • 32r: man entering temple (Ps. 121)
  • 32r: maid looking at hands of her lady (Ps. 122)
  • 32r: God rescuing man from water (Ps. 123)
  • 32r: man touching hand of woman pushed away by the Lord (Ps. 124)
  • 32v: man carrying sack (Ps. 125)
  • 32v: Apostle touching foot before three Jews (Ps. 126)
  • 32v: husband and wife sitting at table with their children (Ps. 127)
  • 32v: man laying stones on back of crouching man (Ps. 128)
  • 32v: Jonah emerging from whale (Ps. 129)
  • 32v: woman nursing child (Ps. 130)
  • 33r: Virgin, with book and palm, and Christ, with book and staff-cross, standing in their tombs (Ps. 131)
  • 33r: Aaron in bed anointed by God (Ps. 132)
  • 33r: Jacob's dream and wrestling with angel (Ps. 133)
  • 33r: man sitting on top of fifteen steps (Ps. 134)
  • 33v: Joshua with three hanged kings (Ps. 135)
  • 33v: Jew sitting by stream, red robe hanging on tree (Ps. 136)
  • 33v: man holding scroll (Ps. 137)
  • 33v: king holding belt (Ps. 138)
  • 34r: two men in combat (Ps. 139)
  • 34r: Virgin with Child, standing (Ps. 140)
  • 34v: two Jews standing by Christ in shroud (Ps. 141)
  • 34v: Resurrection (Ps. 142)
  • 34v: David and Goliath (Ps. 143)
  • 35r: Christ washing David in tub (Ps. 144)
  • 35r: Christ healing cripples (Ps. 145)
  • 35r: stream descending on birds in nest (Ps. 146)
  • 35v: Christ standing in tower, blessing and holding host (Ps. 146)
  • 35v: Christ blessing and holding host above man and an angel (Ps. 147)
  • 35v: St Peter holding string which ties king's hands (Ps. 148)
  • 35v: Christ above angels making music (Ps. 149)
  • 35v: Jew with scroll (Confitebor)
  • 36r: Hezekiah in bed (Ego dixi in dimidio)
  • 36r: Hannah praying at altar from an open book inscribed exultavit cor meum (Exultavit cor meum)
  • 36r: Miriam praying from an open book inscribed cantemus domino (Cantemus domino)
  • 36v: Habakkuk pointing at Christ in manger (Domine audivi)
  • 37r: Moses and Miriam (Audite celi)
  • 37v: clerics singing at lectern (Te deum)
  • 37v: three Hebrews in furnace (Benedicite)
  • 38r: Zacharias and Elizabeth (Benedictus dominus)
  • 38r: Visitation (Magnificat)
  • 38r: Presentation in Temple (Nunc dimittis)
  • 38r: Christ blessing and holding host above angels (Gloria in excelsis)
  • 38v: Christ in Majesty with Evangelist symbols (Quicumque vult)

Ornamental and minor initials:

  • Eight-line blue or rose Calendar initials, filled with foliage and hybrid shapes
  • Seven-line blue and rose initial with foliage infill to index of iconographic subjects

One-line initials, alternating in gold or blue, with contrasting blue or red penwork flourishing.

Borders: shafts extending from initials, in blue, red, rose and gold, terminating in finials supporting or incorporating floral, human, animal and grotesque designs.

Line-fillers: unusually comprehensive use of animals, fish, hybrid and linear forms in blue, red, rose, orange, white, grey and gold.

Additions

Numerous marginal additions and sketches have been added to the manuscript by later, non-medieval hands. Scribbles and partially legible note, doodled shaps and sketch of a human head (ff. 2r-2v). Attempt to imitate the style of medieval letters in the margin (f. 34r).

A note on the ownership of the manuscript by Sir Thomas Knyvett and John Moore on f. [i] recto, by the hand of Charles Sayle (1864-1924) , Assistant Under-Librarian.

Binding

Bowtell-style quarter sheepskin binding with paper-covered sides (late 18th century).

History

Origin: Third quarter of the 13th century. ; France, perhaps Paris.

The manuscript was probably commissioned in Paris for a patron with northern English interests; compare the Nuremburg Hours (Nuremberg, Stadtbibliothek, MS 4.4o) and the Murthly Hours (Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland, MS 21000).

Binski and Zutshi and Stones date the manuscript's production to c. 1270, Peterson to c. 1280.

Provenance and Acquisition

'I. kerdings' or 'I. herdings' and 'Wyllyam Foolk' or 'Foolle': names inscribed in the late 15th or early 16th century, perhaps former owners (f. 4v). According to Alison Stones (p. 16), these names have been 'tentatively attributed' to John Herd (?1512-1588), historian and medical practitioner (Venn HRT529J), and William Fulke (1538-1589), Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge 1581-52 (Venn FLK555W).

Sir Thomas Knyvett (1539-1618) of Ashwellthorpe, book collector: characteristic shelfmark 'Sed: 41' (f. 38v) and inscription of name (subsequently scribbled over) (ff. 1r, 2r). No. 41 in the catalogue of Knyvett's manuscripts made shortly after his death (now Cambridge, University Library, MS Ff.2.30), where it is described as 'Psalterium Davidicum' (see McKitterick (1978), p. 162).

Thomas Knyvett (1596-1658) , grandson of Sir Thomas Knyvett (1539-1618): inherited this manuscript together with Knyvett's collection. See McKitterick (1978), pp. 33-34.

John Knyvett (1623-1673) , great-grandson of Sir Thomas Knyvett (1539-1618) and son of Thomas Knyvett (1596-1658): inherited this manuscript together with Knyvett's collection. See McKitterick (1978), p. 36.

Thomas Knyvett (d. 1693) , great-great-grandson of Sir Thomas Knyvett (1539-1618) and son of John Knyvett (1623-1673), inherited this manuscript together with Knyvett's collection. Thomas died without heir and the Knyvett library was fragmented after his death: 57 of Knyvett's manuscripts had been acquired by John Moore [see below] by 1698. See McKitterick (1978), p. 37.

John Moore (1646-1714), bishop of Ely : no. 71 in Bernard, Catalogi librorum manuscriptorum Angliæ et Hiberniæ (c. 1697) (see also f. 1r).

Presented to the University Library in 1715 by George I : donation bookplate engraved by John Pine in 1736 on f. front pastedown.

Additional Information

Record Sources

This catalogue entry draws on the description provided by Paul Binski and Patrick Zutshi, with the collaboration of Stella Panayotova, Western Illuminated Manuscripts: A Catalogue of the Collection in Cambridge University Library (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011) (used here by kind permission of Cambridge University Press) and an unpublished description of the manuscript composed between 1926 and 1930 by M.R. James , now held in the University Archives (UA ULIB 7/3/74).

Availability

Entry to read in the Library is permitted only on presentation of a valid reader's card. For information on eligibility and admissions procedures, see Joining the Library). For further enquiries, and to confirm the availability of the manuscript, please contact the Special Collections Reading Room.

Bibliography

    A catalogue of the manuscripts preserved in the library of the University of Cambridge Catalogue of manuscripts (Ee-Ff), (Cambridge, 2: Ee-Ff, Cambridge University Press, 1857) On a manuscript psalter in the University Library Cambridge (Ee.IV.24) Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, James, M. R. (8, 2, 146-67, 1892) Bibliotheca musico-liturgica: a descriptive handlist of the musical and Latin-liturgical MSS. of the Middle Ages preserved in the libraries of Great Britain and Ireland, Frere, W.H. (London, 2, 1894) Les manuels pour l'illustration du psautier au XIIIe siecle Mémoires de la société nationale des antiquaires de France, Berger, S. (57, 95-134, 1898) Die Psalterillustration im 13. Jahrhundert: Studien zur Geschichte der Buchmalerei in England, Frankreich, und den Niederlanden, Haseloff, G. (Kiel, 1938) The library of Sir Thomas Knyvett of Ashwellthorpe, c.1539-1618 Cambridge University Library historical bibliography series, McKitterick, David (Cambridge, Cambridge University Library, 1978) The Glossed Psalter of Robert de Lindesey and related manuscripts, Golob, James Stephen (Cambridge, 1981, unpublished PhD dissertation) Narrative illustration and theological exposition in medieval art Studies in Church History, Henderson, George (17, 19-35, 1981, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0424208400010238) Accidents and adaptations in transmission among fully illustrated French psalters in the thirteenth century Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, Peterson, E.A. (50, 375-84, 1987) Medieval illuminators and their methods of work, Alexander, J.J.G. (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1992) The book of signs: writing and visual difference in Gothic manuscript illumination A history of book illustration: 29 points of view The History of the Book, Camille, Michael (New Jersey, 160-201, Scarecrow Press, 1994) The textual basis for visual errors in French gothic psalter illustration. The early medieval Bible: its production, decoration and use Cambridge Studies in Palaeography and Codicology, Peterson, E.A. (Cambridge, 177-204, Cambridge University Press, 1994) The transformation of the Gothic Psalter in thirteenth-century France The illuminated Psalter: studies in the content, purpose and placement of its images, Bennett, A. (Turnhout, 211-21, Brepols, 2004) Bodies, names and gender in a Gothic Psalter The illuminated Psalter: studies in the content, purpose and placement of its images, Camille, Michael (Turnhout, 377-86, Brepols, 2004) Scholastic hermeneutics in historiated initials of 13th century French psalters The illuminated Psalter: studies in the content, purpose and placement of its images, Peterson, E.A. (Turnhout, Brepols, 2004) Zwischen Frankreich und Byzanz. Zwei bologneser Psalter des 13. Jahrhunderts und ihr Illustrationssystem The illuminated Psalter: studies in the content, purpose and placement of its images, Pfändtner, K.-G. (Turnhout, 181-92, Brepols, 2004) Word imagery in English Gothic psalters: the case of the Vienna Bohun manuscript (ÖNB, Cod. 1826*) The illuminated Psalter: studies in the content, purpose and placement of its images, Sandler, Lucy Freeman (Turnhout, 387-395, Brepols, 2004) The Cambridge Illuminations: ten centuries of book production in the medieval west, (London, Harvey Miller, 2005) Western illuminated manuscripts: a catalogue of the collection in Cambridge University Library, Binski, PaulZutshi, Patrick (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011, https://doi-org.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/10.1017/CBO9780511780479) Heraldry and identity in the psalter-hours of Jeanne of Flanders (Manchester, John Rylands Library, MS Lat. 117 Studies in Iconography, Leson, Richard A. (32, 155-98, 2011) Gothic manuscripts 1260-1320 A survey of manuscripts illuminated in France, Stones, Alison (London, Harvey Miller Publishers, 2013) Die illuminierten Handschriften Französischer Herkunft in der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek Katalog der illuminierten Handschriften der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek in München, Bauer-Eberhardt, Ulrike (Wiesbaden, 1, Reichert, 2019)

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