Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.44
Alchemical treatises and recipes
Physical Description
(?)17th-century pagination in Parts 1-3, occasionally supplied by a modern hand:
[i]-[iv] + 1-52, 55-116 | 117-130 | 131-194 [continued below]
Numbering in dark ink in the upper right-hand corners of the rectos. Consequenty, only the uneven numbers of the pagination sequence are inscribed in the manuscript. However, a modern hand has added the number '110' in pencil to the upper outer corner of the relevant page.The numbers 53-54 are missing from the pagination sequence due to the loss of a leaf.
This pagination sequence is followed in this catalogue record, ignoring the old foliation in Part 2 (see below) and modern foliation in Parts 1 and 3 (see below).
For reference purposes in this electronic catalogue record, the unfoliated flyleaves at the beginning and end of the manuscript have been allocated Roman numerals. In order to indicate that these are supplied numbers, they have been placed between square brackets.
19th- or 20th-century foliation for Part 4:
[continue from above] 1-18 + [v]-[viii]
Numbering in pencil in the upper right-hand corners of the rectos.The numbers 53-54 are missing from the pagination sequence due to the loss of a leaf.
This foliation sequence is followed in this catalogue record.
For reference purposes in this electronic catalogue record, the unfoliated flyleaves at the beginning and end of the manuscript have been allocated Roman numerals. In order to indicate that these are supplied numbers, they have been placed between square brackets.
15th- or 16th-century foliation in Part 2:
1-7 for pp. 130.
Numbering in brown ink in the lower right-hand corners of the rectos. This foliation sequence is ignored in this catalogue record.Two 19th- or 20th-century foliation sequences, one for Part 1 and another for Part 3:
'26'-'27' (pp. 51, 55) and '54' (p. 109) [Part 1]; and 1 (p. 131), 4 (p. 137), 7 (p. 143), 10 (p. 149), 11 (p. 151), 14 (p. 157, 20 (p. 169), 30 (p. 189), 32 (p. 193) in Part 3.
Numbering in pencil in the upper right-hand corners of the rectos (largely crossed out). These two foliation sequences are ignored in this catalogue record.Collation
NB: This catalogue record disagrees with the division into parts proposed by M.R. James (1901) and Timmermann (2015), who state that Part 3 starts at p. 137. Instead, this catalogue record - following the division indicated by pencil annotations written in the manuscript by a modern hand - places its beginning at p. 131.
Quires 6 and 7 are separate quires but possibly comprise a single quaternion with two leaves added at the end.
- Quire 126 (pp. 1-52)
- Quire 2?16-1 (pp. 55-84: 1st leaf missing)
- Quire 316 (pp. 85-116) |
- Quire 4?4+3 or 10-3 (pp. 117-130: three added at the quire's end or three missing at the quire's beginning) |
- Quire 52 (pp. 131-134)
- Quire 6?8 (pp. 135-150)
- Quire 7?2 (pp. 151-154)
- Quire 820 (pp. 155-194) |
- Quire 98 (ff. 1-8)
- Quire 104 (ff. 9-12)
- Quire 114 (ff. 13-16)
- Quire 12two (ff. 17-18)
126 2?16-1 (1st missing) 316 | 4?4+3 or 10-3 (three added at the quire's end or three missing at the quire's beinning) | 52 6?8 7?2 820 | 98 104 114 12two
Binding
19th- or 20th-century half leather binding with marbled paper sides over pasteboards; the spine with four raised bands and three paper labels with the separate alpha-numerical elements of the manuscript's current classmark (‘R’, ‘14’, ‘44’) printed on them.
Binding height: 225mm; width: 150mm; depth: 35mm.
This book was previously bound with Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.45 , which contains a note in an 18th- or 19th-century hand to that effect on f. [i] verso: ‘The were in this book some other chymicall Tretise wole on paper which are taken out and bound by themselves vid. R. 8. 25’.
History
Provenance and Acquisition
According to Mooney (1995), f. [i] recto of Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.45 - with which Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.44 was bound when it arrived at Trinity College - contains 15th-century notes ‘relating to ownership’. Since these notes occur on a leaf that, according to M.R. James (1901), served as a cover for part of Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.44, any ownership information on it is relevant for both manuscripts. Nevertheless, these notes (read with UV light as follows: ‘Robert Charlton’; ‘John Leynton with my […] of Cromwell’; ‘Peter stacey [? stakey] […] of de ordine […]’; ‘Thomas ffounteyn besyde levys [? Lewes, East Sussex]’; ‘ballyscote besyde woodstoke [Balscote, Oxfordshire]’; ‘Thomas Hawe det [?quyntynys]’; ‘Mayster Rychard Hall parson of dray[…] [? Drayton]’; ‘Thomas Coolys of Hyndon besyde Watforde’; ‘Rychard Moyne of [?C]ale[?y]’) seem to concern accounts of the sort that can be found in Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.44 at pp. 185-186 and f. 18r. The geographic spread of the topographical references in these notes appears to be too wide to suggest a likely location of writing, and it has not been possible to identify any of the individuals named.
'Elizabeth' (fl. 16th century) : perhaps owned or accessed this manuscript. The name ‘Elizabeth’ is inscribed in a (?) 16th-century script on f. [ii] recto of Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.45 with which this manuscript was bound together when it arrived at Trinity College. According to James (1901), p. 331, f. [ii] is one of the two parchment leaves that formerly formed the cover of part of Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.44.
'James R.' (fl. 16th or 17th century) : perhaps owned or accessed this manuscript. The name ‘James R’ is inscribed in a (?) 16th- or 17th-century script on f. [ii] verso of Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.45 with which this manuscript was bound together when it arrived at Trinity College. According to James (1901), p. 331, f. [ii] is one of the two parchment leaves that formerly formed the cover of part of Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.44.
Laurence [Lawrence] Sadler (fl. 1628) : probably owned this manuscript. This manuscript was previously bound together with Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.45 , which contains Sadler's name inscription with a note on his purchase of the manuscript on f. [i] recto: ‘Lawrence Sadler - Empt. Lond. Feb. 24 Anno 1629 pritium 4s ’. Unidentified, but perhaps the London bookseller who was active at the Golden Lion in Little Britain, 1631-64.
Perhaps owned by Thomas Whalley (c. 1584-1637) , Vice-Master of Trinity College, cleric, priest, and bibliophile (see Acquisition for further discussion).
Perhaps bequeathed to Cambridge, Trinity College, by Thomas Whalley in 1637: see the ex-dono label on f. [ii] verso of Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.45 , with which the present manuscript was bound together when it arrived at Trinity College: ‘Ex dono ornatissimi Viri, THOMÆ WHALLEY, sacræ Theologiæ Professoris, et Collegii Trinitatis Vicemagistri. 1637’. According to James (1901), p. 331, f. [ii] is one of the two parchment leaves that formerly formed the cover of part of Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.44. Listed as no. 496 in the College's library in Edward Bernard and Humfrey Wanley, Catalogi librorum manuscriptorum Angliæ et Hiberniæ, in unum collecti, cum indice alphabetico, 2 volumes in 1 (Oxford: e Theatro Sheldoniano, 1697). The College's current classmark (‘R.14.44’) is inscribed in pencil on f. [i] recto. The separate alpha-numerical elements of its classmark (‘R’, ‘14’, ‘44’) are printed onto three paper labels that have been pasted onto the spine (not photographed). An ? old classmark ‘B.7.31’ is inscribed in the lower margin of f. 1r (Part 4). The college's ex libris, featuring an engraving of its heraldic arms, motto (‘Virtus Vera Nobilitas’), and name (‘Coll: Trin: Cant:’) by William Stephens, fl. c. 1740-c. 1760 (‘W. Stephens sculp.’) is pasted onto the inside of the front cover. Its library stamps on pp. 1, 116, 117, 18r.
Part 1 [Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.44, pp. 1-116]
Contents
Language(s): Middle English
The treatise consists of a prologue (pp. 1-3, a list of temperatures (3-4, after which the treatise begins with the words: ‘Qualyteys contrary be remyttyd after greys and be namyd aftyr þe more qualyte in gre of þe qualyteys brekyng from aftyr degre of grete invardnes hoolde here strenkthys and sende ayen þe ferther greys aftermenntes’
The second recipee is said to have been devised ‘By Magister R.W. off Cambryge’ [Mooney (1995) transcribes ‘M. Rids off Cambryge’; but see Timmermann (2013), p. 441. The final recipe is ‘ffor to make aurvm mvsicum’.
Physical Description
Collation
- Quire 126 (pp. 1-52)
- Quire 2?16-1 (pp. 55-84: 1st leaf missing)
- Quire 316 (pp. 85-116)
Layout
160 × 95 mm. Ruled in leadpoint, frame only. Single columns. 25-27 lines to the page, written above top line.
Hand(s)
Pages 1-109 have been copied by a single 15th-century scribe writing in a cursive script with both anglicana and secretary features.
Pages 115-116 have been copied by a different 15th-century scribes writing in cursive scripts with both anglicana and secretary features.
Decoration
Large (2-3 lines) plain initials in red ink.
Marginal notae and subheadings written in red ink.
Small initials highlighted with red ink.
History
Part 2 [Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.44, pp. 117-130]
Contents
Language(s): Latin
The copy has been left unfinished in Chapter 7
A (?) 17th-century hand has added the following title to the upper margin of f. 117: ‘Hic liber est Speculum Alchemiæ Rog. Baconis’.
Physical Description
Collation
- Quire 4?4+3 or 10-3 (pp. 117-130: three added at the quire's end or three missing at the quire's beginning)
Layout
160 × 95 mm. Ruled in leadpoint, frames and line ruling. Single columns. lines to the page, written below top line.
Hand(s)
Pages 117-118 have been copied in an anglicana formata script influenced by secretary script.
Pages 119-130 have been copied in a bastard secretary script.
Decoration
This part of the manuscript does not contain any significant forms of decoration.
Additions
History
Part 3 [Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.44, pp. 131-194]
Contents
Language(s): Middle English and Latin
The recipes are for ‘fyx fugetyfe’, ‘ffyxacio lune’, ‘ffor to make boras’, and ‘ffixacio lune’.
The collection contains recipes for ‘water corosyue’, ‘liquifacio spiritum’, called ‘the grettest priuite that John Tebalde hath’, ‘sal preparate’, and ‘mundificacio cupri’.
The recipes are for making antimony; shiny jewelery by combining gold, silver, and copper; copper that is bright as gold; iron that is like silver; a ‘lyxor upon coper’; white metal from coopper and silver with instructions on how to sublime mercury [called ‘Opus osbern de westmestyr’]; ‘lambyr’; gold from mercury and gold.
The recipes are for making boras (2x) [the first one is attributed to ‘Gundi salvus de Portugalia’ who Mooney (1995) identifies as the 12th-century Toledan translator of Arabic scientific works Domingo Gondisalvi or Dominicus Gundissalinus]; vermillion [attributed to ‘L. Draper’]; and water of lead.
The recipes are for ‘Si vis affinare metallum ut efficatur optimum argentum’; ‘Cuprum sic dealbatur ad modum argenti’; ‘Si vis ut saturnus fiat semile lune’; ‘Ut acias die vna vncia Argente .iija ’.
Timmermann (2015) suggests that this text may be a version of the Liber aquarum.
The recipes are ‘for to translat stang fromh is sulphurite by kyndly ratefyyng’; ‘To make a good quencher to blanche and to thonge [? thoughe] jvbiter’; ‘To make metall towe’; ‘To hardyn eny metall’; ‘for to make a cetrinaciun’; ‘To wyrk a malgam upon styng’; ‘To make good lune’; ‘To make full artefissiall solebliall’. The final recipe requires human blood and hair as ingredients.
The final recipe appears to be incomplete. The recipe are entitled or begin: ‘De lapide albo’; ‘Item alia tinctura bona et preciosa’; ‘Item alia tinctura preciosa’; ‘lapis rubeus’.
The accounts refer to persons situated in (in order of appearance) Lewis (‘levys’), London (‘london’), Nottinghamshire (‘notynghamschyre’), Cardiff (‘kerdyffe in Walys’), Henley-on-Thames (‘henele uppon temse’), and Wycombe (‘Wycombe’). They are typically named with their titles and occupations: ‘pryor’, ‘knyȝt’, ‘squyer’, ‘draper’, ‘mercer’, ‘grocer’, ‘habyrdasscher’, ‘brever’, ‘talov chavndeler’, ‘pevterer’, ‘dyer’, ‘ffyschemonger’, ‘wolpacker’, ‘taylour’, ‘tavyer’. While the aforementioned titles and roles all concern men, the accounts include two women: 1. a silkwoman (‘sylkwoman’) who is only identified by her surname: ‘langeton’. There were (at least) three silkwomen with that surname: Jane Langton, a silkwoman and merchant in London, who drew up her will in 1475; and her two daughters-in-law Agnes Langton and Elizabeth Langton. The latter supplied the royal wardrobe with silk in 1503 [on them, see Marian K. Dale, 'The London Silkwomen of the Fifteenth Century', The Economic History Review, 4:3 (1933), 324-335 (pp. 327-328)]. 2. A woman who is (again) only identified by her surname ‘Helmys of Henele uppon temse’ and who is described as the executrix of ‘John Helmys merchant’. She has not been identified.
The evidence for the dating of the accounts to 1463-64 comes from three entries: 1. An entry for ‘Thomas Cooke’ who is identified as ‘knyȝt and aldyrman of london’. He must be Sir Thomas Cooke (c. 1410-1478), who was alderman of the City of London from 1456 onwards, knighted in 1465, and Lord Mayor in 1462-63 (for him, see also Cambridge, Trinity College, MS O.3.11 and Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.52). 2. An entry that names ‘John’ as the prior of Lewis Priory. Given the identification of Sir Thomas Cooke, this prior John cannot be John Burghersh, who was prior from 1409 until 1414, or John Ashdowne who occurs as prior in 1506. He can only be John Danyel, who was prior from 1445 until 1464. 3. The final entry that refers to John Frost, mercer, who drew up his will, which identifies William Dunthorn as his executor, dated to 2 July 1463 (see Kew, The National Archives, PROB 11/5/211 ).
The collection includes a recipe that is said to have been proved by a medical practitioners named Perrin Ferby [unidentified]: ‘ffor þe govte provyd per peryn fferby’.
Full transcription. Includes a method to authenticate its veracity.
Refers to a method to authenticate its veracity described in the previous item.
Full transcription.
Full transcription.
Full transcription.
Physical Description
Collation
- Quire 52 (pp. 131-134)
- Quire 6?8 (pp. 135-150)
- Quire 7?2 (pp. 151-154)
- Quire 820 (pp. 155-194)
Layout
160-180 × 100-125 mm. No ruling. Single columns. 24-38 lines to the page.
Hand(s)
Copied by several scribes working in cursive hands with both anglicana and secretary features.
Decoration
Drawing of an alembic within the text, and specifically surrounding the word ‘elembicus’, on p. 143.
History
The accounts on f. 185-186 contain evidence that they were written around 1463-4 and have been written in the hand that has copied a large portion of this part of the manuscript; see Mooney (1995) for further details on the hands.
Provenance
John Frost (fl. c. 1460) , mercer of Saint Mary Aldermanbury, City of London: possibly copied and/or owned part of this manuscript. As Gross (1996), p. 117 fn. 74 points out, the accounts on pp. 185-186 contain an entry for Sir Thomas Cooke (c. 1410-1478), draper, knight, and Lord Mayor of London, who appears to have had a family connection with Frost although their exact relationship is unclear. In Frost's will of 1463-4 (see Kew, The National Archives, PROB 11/5/211 ; ? proved on 9 April 1466), he bequeathed twenty shillings to a certain ‘Thomas Cooke my cousyn in Cambrigge if he þat tyme continue at scole to augmentacioun of lernyng’. The latter may be the son and namesake of Sir Thomas Cooke, who was born in 1452. The will suggests that Frost knew Sir Thomas Cooke through his sister, to whom he refers as ‘Isabell Cooke my suster’. However, no further information appears to be available on her marriage. The final entry on p. 186 concerns a reference to William Dunthorn as the executor of John Frost's will, which is indeed confirmed by the aforementioned will.
Part 4 [Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.44, ff. 1-18]
Contents
Language(s): Middle English [LALME, LP 669: Norfolk dialect] and Latin
The text features mirrored handwriting on f. 12v.
This is one of two copies of a poem which imagines a dialogue between Albertus Magnus and Elchyȝell, the Queen of Elves, in which she teaches him a recipe with which mercury can be turned into silver and gold and silver turned into gold. The other copy can be found in London, British Library, Sloane MS 3580 B (ff. 183v-184v) [see Grund (2004), passim]. This poem is different from the Latin prose text with the title Semita Recta (also associated with Pseudo-Albertus Magnus). Another hand has addex ‘extractum’ (or ‘exemplum’) ‘Doweld’ at the end of the poem.
The fourth recipe contains cypher for some of its ingredients (e.g. ‘Sblpfater’ for ‘Salpater’); the fifth recipe is accompanied by a chart of numbers.
Full transcription. A previously unnoticed and untranscribed (?) 15th-century addition. Their names can all be found in early modern necromantic rituals. For example, the so-called Folger Book of Magic ( Washington, Folger Shakespeare Library, V.b.26, Part 1 and Part 2 ), a late 16th-century grimoire, features descriptions and conjurations of the spirits ‘Oberyon’ (I, pp. 76, 113, 115-116, 185, 190-200); ‘Ascariell’ [‘Askariell’] (I, pp. 169-170); ‘Byleth’ (I, pp. 78, 87); and ‘Sibilla’ (II, p. 228). What is especially interesting is that the Folger Book of Magic, identifies ‘Oberyon’ [Oberon] as 'kinge of the fayries' who can reveal hidden treasure and how it can be obtained. His name in Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.44 then resonates with the alchemical poem on 15r-17r in which Elchizel, Queen of Fairies, provides instructions on how to make silver and gold. Ultimately, all the spirits listed on f. 17v may have been invoked for obtaining wealth.
Full transcription attempted.
The list refers to persons from ‘Saham’ [M.R. James (1901): Soham, Cambridgeshire; LALME: Saham Toney, Norfolk]; ‘ffordam’ [Fordham, Cambridgeshire], ‘Ely’ [Ely, Cambrdidgeshire], ‘Hadenham’ [Haddenham, Cambridgeshire], ‘Nectwn’ [Necton, Norfolk]; and ‘þe parkez of Cartelynge’. The latter is not identified in Mooney (1995) but probably refers to Kirtling, Cambridgeshire.
Mooney (199), p. 46 gives a full transcription: ‘A pownd of sanfyre ij pound of vitreol and a vnce of alum and a vnce of sal petre’. The recipe is probably a second attempt, with the first one (above it) erased [but still legible with UV light].
Physical Description
Collation
Quires 11 and 12 may be a single quire of four leaves with two leaves added at the end.
- Quire 98 (ff. 1-8)
- Quire 104 (ff. 9-12)
- Quire 114 (ff. 13-16)
- Quire 12two (ff. 17-18)
Roman numerals in brown ink in the lower outer corners of the rectos of the first halves of Quires 9-12.
Catchwords in frames of brown ink in the lower inner corners of the last versos of Quires 9-10.Layout
160-170 × 105-120 mm. Ruled in ink, frame only. Single columns. lines to the page, written below top line.
Hand(s)
Folios 1r-17v have been copied by a single scribe working in a cursive hand with anglicana features.
Folios 17v-18v feature additions by a few scribes working in a cursive hands with both anglicana and secretary features.
Decoration
Large (2 lines) plain initials in red ink.
Titles written in brown and red ink; names of authorities within the text, sub-headings and numbers in margins written in red ink.
Linefilllers in red ink.
Initials (1 line) occasionally higlighted in red ink (especially in the alchemical poem on ff. 15v-17r).
Paraphs in red ink.
Underlining in red ink.
History
Additional Information
Record Sources
Availability
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Bibliography
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The Western Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge: A Descriptive
Catalogue, James, M.R. (Cambridge, 2, Cambridge University Press, 1901)
Catalogue of Latin and Vernacular Alchemical Manuscripts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Dating
from before the XVI Century, Singer, Dorothea Waley (Brussels, Maurice Lamertin, 1928)
Alchemical Texts in Middle English Verse: Corrigenda and Addenda Ambix, Robbins, Rossell Hope (13, 62-73, 1966)
A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English, McIntosh, AngusSamuels, M.L.Benskin, Michael (Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press,
1986)
Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge Index of Middle English prose, Mooney, Linne R. (Woodbridge, D.S. Brewer, 1995)
The Dissolution of the Lancastrian Kingship: Sir John Fortescue and the Crisis of
Monarchy in
Fifteenth-Century England, Gross, Anthony (Stamford, Watkins, 1996)
Works of Science and Information A Manual of the Writings in Middle English 1050-1500, Keiser, George R. (New Haven, CT, The Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences,
1998)
Albertus Magnus and the Queen of Elves: A 15th-Century English Verse Dialogue on Alchemy
Anglia, Grund, Peter (122, 4, 640-662, 2004)
Verse and Transmutation: A Corpus of Middle English Alchemical Poetry (Critical Editions
and
Studies), Timmermann, Anke (Leiden, Brill, 2013)
Alchemy in Cambridge: An Annotated Catalogue of Alchemical Texts and Illustrations
in Cambridge
Repositories Nuncius: Journal of the Material and Visual History of Science, Timmermann, Anke (30, 2, 345-511, 2015)
<hi rend="italics">The crafte of lymmyng</hi> and <hi rend="italics">The maner
of steynyng</hi>: Middle English Recipes for Painters, Stainers, Scribes and Illuminators
Early English Text Society (Series). Original series, (Oxford, Published for the Early English Text Society by the Oxford University
Press, 2016)
Alchemy and Exemplary Narrative in Middle English Poetry, , (2018)
Alchemy in the Vernacular: An Edition and Study of Early English Witnesses of The
Mirror of
Alchemy, Norja, Sara (Turku, 2021, https://www.utupub.fi/handle/10024/151694)
Alchemy and Exemplary Poetry in Middle English Literature, Runstedler, Curtis (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2023)
The Medieval New: Ambivalence in an Age of Innovation The Middle Ages Series, Ingham, Patricia Clare (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2915)
Funding of Cataloguing
Wellcome (cataloguing). All images provided by Trinity College, Cambridge.
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Abbreviations
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