Medieval Manuscripts in Cambridge Libraries

A catalogue of Western manuscripts and papyri at Cambridge University Library, the Fitzwilliam Museum and selected Cambridge colleges

Cambridge, Trinity College, MS O.7.20

Composite manuscript with ars dictaminis, astronomical and meteorological texts, medical recipes, and English poetry

Physical Description

Form: codex
Support:

Part 1 consists of parchment leaves, except for one paper leaf (f. 18) and a paper volvelle (f. 25v); Parts 2-6 consist of paper leaves.

Extent: Codex: iii + 36 | 52 | 34 | 10 | 86 | 22 + i leaves. 130-155 × 100-105 mm.
Foliation:

20th-century foliation for Part 1:

[i]-[iii] + 1:1-1:15, 1:17-1:36

Numbering in pencil in the upper right-hand corners of the rectos. '16' omitted. This foliation sequence is followed in this catalogue record.
Foliation:

17th-century foliation for Parts 2-6, supplemented by a modern foliator:

2:[i], 2:1-2:29, 2:29a, 2:30-2:33, 2:34a, 2:34aa (2:34b in this record), 2:35-2:49 | 2:50-2:61, 2:61a, 2:62-2:69, 2:71, 2:71 (the duplicate number is referred to as 2:[71a] in this record), 2:72-2:77, 2:77a, 2:78-2:81 | 2:82-2:91 | 2:92-2:126, 2:[126a], 2:127-2:141, 2:141a, 2:142-2:143, 2:143a, 2:144-2:145, 2:145a, 2:146-2:148, 2:148a, 2:149, 2:149a-2:149b, 2:150-2:152, 2:152a, 2:153-2:159, 2:159a, 2:160-2:174 | 2:175-2:196 + [iv]

Numbering in brown ink in the upper right-hand corners of the rectos (supplemented by a modern foliator with pencil: see ff. 2:29a, 2:61a, 2:77a, 2:149a, 2:149b, 2:152a). '70' omitted. This foliation sequence is followed in this catalogue record. Several blank, unfoliated stubs have been photographed and are displayed here as ff. 2:[36a] and 2:[49a] (but are not included in the count of leaves in Extent, nor in the foliation statement above). Folio 2:[126a] is a blank, unfoliated leaf.
Foliation:

15th-century foliation for Part 2:

‘i’-‘lij’ for ff. 2:[i], 2:1-2:29, 2:29a, 2:30-2:34, 2:34a-2:34b, 2:35-2:342:49

Numbering in dark ink (Roman numerals) at the center of the upper margins of the rectos. This foliation is not followed in this catalogue record.

Collation

  • Quire 112+1-1 (ff. 1:1-1:12: 1 leaf added before 1st leaf, 12th leaf missing)
  • Quire 220+2 (ff. 1:13-1:36: a bifolium inserted between the 10th and 11th leaves) |
  • Quires 3-68 (ff. 2:[i]-2:30)
  • Quire 78-1 (ff. 2:31-2:36: 12th leaf excised)
  • Quire 88 (ff. 2:37-2:44)
  • Quire 98-3 (ff. 2:45-2:49: 6th-8th leaves excised) |
  • Quires 10-118 (ff. 2:50-2:64)
  • Quire 128-1 (ff. 2:65r-2:71v: 8th leaf missing)
  • Quire 136-1 (ff. 2:71-2:76: 3rd leaf missing)
  • Quire 148-2 (ff. 2:77-2:81: 1st-2nd leaves missing) |
  • Quire 1514-4 (ff. 81-91: 1st-3rd and 14th leaves missing) |
  • Not established for Part 5, except for the final gathering (see below)
  • Quire 168 (ff. 2:167-2:174) |
  • Quire 17eighteen (ff. 2:175-2:192)
  • Quire 18four (ff. 2:193-2:196)

112+1-1 (1 leaf added before 1st, 12th missing) 220+2 (bifolium inserted between 10th and 11th) | 3-68 78-1 (12th excised) 88 98-3 (6th-8th excised) | 10-118 128-1 (8th missing) 136-1 (3rd missing) 148-2 (1st-2nd missing) | 1514-4 (1st-3rd and 14th missing) | [The collation for ff. 92-166 has not been established] 168 | 17eighteen 18four

Binding

18th- or 19th-century half white vellum binding with purple paper over pasteboards; the separate alpha-numerical elements of the manscript's classmark are printed on three paper labels on the spine: ‘O’, ‘7’, ‘20’.

Binding height: 160mm; width: 110mm; depth: 40mm.

History

Provenance and Acquisition

One of the manuscripts of Thomas Gale (1635/6-1702) , dean of York, antiquary and fellow of Trinity College Cambridge.

One of the manuscripts of Roger Gale (1672-1744) , antiquary and scholar, son of Thomas Gale. Inherited from his father.

Donated to Trinity College by Thomas Gale , son of Roger Gale (1672-1744), in 1738. The alpha-numerical elements of its current classmark ‘O.7.20’ are printed separately on three labels pasted on the spine; its current classmark can also be found written on the inside of the front cover (‘O.7.20’), together with the College's printed ex libris featuring its armorial coat of arms, motto (‘Virtus Vera Nobilitas’) and name (‘Coll: Trin: Cant:’) engraved by William Stephens, fl. c. 1740-c. 1760 (‘W. Stephens sculp.’); its previous classmarks written on f. 1r: ‘L.8.’ and ‘399’.

Part 1 [Cambridge, Trinity College, MS O.7.20, ff. 1:1, 1:7-1:8, 1:13-1:15, 1:17-1:36]

Contents

Language(s): Latin texts but featuring some Middle English

1. 1:1r
Astronomical diagram showing the motion of the Sun
Language(s): Latin

A circular diagram consisting of concentric circles in brown ink with a red circle representing the sun on the third circle. The diagram is accompanied by inscrptions that read: ‘Cancer’, ‘Augem eccentrici’, ‘Aries’, ‘longitudo media’, ‘Oppositum augis’, ‘Medius motus’, and ‘Verus motus’.

2. 1:2r-1:6v
Treatise on epistolary formulae
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: || 1:2r vt patet in hoc exemplo dictasti scripsisti fecisti voluisti
Explicit: 1:6v et post nebulam dat serenum
Final rubric: 1:6v Explicit. Constat Johanni Wylkes [? Wylles] in artibus magistro

The treatise concerns sections on salutations to different family members (‘Salutaciones ad patrem matrem auunculum et huius’), types of petitions (‘peticiones’), references to received letters (‘Recipimus litteras vestras’), and other aspects of letter writing.

3. 1:6v
A riddle (with solutions)
Language(s): Latin
Rubric: 1:6v De sancta maria
Incipit: 1:6v Sum quod eram id est virgo . nec eram quod sum id est mater . nunc dicor vtrumque virgo et mater . Est quod erat deus . quod adem nec erat homo . nunc regnat vtroque deus et homo
4. 1:7r-1:7v
Metereological treatise on rainbows and halos (fragment)
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: || 1:7r et significat tempus sincerum
Explicit: 1:7v Postea||

The text features a circular diagram on f. 1:7v with the words ‘Sol’ and ‘Halo’ written in it.

5. 1:8r-1:8v
Florilegium of moral and theological saying (fragment)
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: || 1:8r -timum est maiorum vestigia sequi Si tege praecesserint
Explicit: 1:8v Uirtus et honestis rebus propitia est||

The text begins mid-sentence in quotations that begin with the letter ‘O’, covers those beginning with the letters ‘P’-‘T’, and ends in the section with the letter ‘U’.

6. 1:9v-1:10r
Tract on the four senses of scripture (? Gloss on Peter Riga's Aurora)
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 1:9v [E]st autem historia quasi quedam testis temporum . Lux veritatis . Magistra vite . Vita mermorie . Nuncia Vetustatis
Explicit: 1:10r quandoque a facto vt interfectio golie a david significat interfectionem diaboli a Christo||

This text also serves as an introduction to Peter Riga's Aurora; see René Antoine Gauthier, 'Notes sur Siger de Brabant, II. Siger en 1272–1275; Aubry de Reims et la scission des Normands'. Revue des sciences philosophiques et théologiques, 68:1 (1984), 3-49

7. 1:10v-1:11r
Tract on the Sabbath's Day
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 1:10v Sabbato celebratur de beata maria virgine et Quare in septima feria de beate marie virgine et quo inicium habuit
Explicit: 1:11r Quinta racio est vt (?) festiuius agatur in die qua deus ab omni opere requieuit
8. 1:11r
Note on the four senses of scriptural interpretation
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 1:11r Nota quod Sacre scripture est 3x sensus: scilicet Historicus . Tropoligicus . Allegoricus . et Anogogicus

Full transcription.

9. 1:11r
Note on the four senses of scriptural interpretation John (? Cassian) [attributed]
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 1:11r John - Historice . significat ciuitatem terrestrem - Tropologice . Animam fidelem - Allegorice . Ecclesiam militatem - Anogogice . Ecclesiam triumphantem

Full transcription.

10. 1:11r
The two sons of Abraham as a metaphor for the historical and spiritual senses of scripture
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 1:11r Abraham duos filios habuit vnum de ancilla tr. Hic vnus sensus est quem littera pretendit Et alius est sensus quem scriba intendit vt patet in textura quod per allego aliam dicitur

Full tarnscription.

11. 1:11v-1:12v
List of cardinal and ordinal numbers, and numeral adjectives
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 1:11v Vnus / Duo / Tres
Explicit: 1:12v Millesies / Millenus / Millenariu[s]
12. 1:12r
Memorandum
Language(s): English
Incipit: 1:12r Richard B[e]v[e]ll off graynd borndon þe x day off Septemb[er] [...]

Full transcription attemped. Added in the lower margin by a (?) 16th-century hand.

13. 1:12v
Memorandum
Language(s): English
Incipit: 1:12v Hary þe ffete þe s[...]th [?at] Clyffords [...]

Full transcription attemped. Added in the lower margin by a (?) 16th-century hand.

14. 1:13r-1:15v
Astronomical treatise (fragment)
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: || 1:13r -bus temporibus [...] equales angulos super aliquo centro fixo
Explicit: 1:15v Notandum est 2o quod epi- ||
15. 1:17r
Introduction to the Secretum Secretorum (fragment) Roger Bacon
Language(s): Latin
Explicit: 1:17r meam . Sed queratur in libris Astronomie et maxime in libro albumasar qui vocatur introductorius in iudicia astronomie. Et cum in locis certis istius libri in quibus hec necessaria sunt multa posui vtiia et praemittitur figura signorum et [sic] et subsequentur ad emdenciam - deo gracias||
Final rubric: 1:17r Expliciunt 3.a capitula de Secretus secretorum Aristotelis

Full transcription. For the corresponding text, see Opera hactenus inedita Rogeri Baconi Fasc. V: Secretum Secretorum cum Glossis et Notulis. Tractatus Brevis et Utilis ad Declarandum Quedam Obscure Dicta Fratris Rogeri, ed. Robert Steele (Oxford: Clarendon, 1920), p. 23.

16. 1:17r
Astrological note on fortunate and unfortunate positions of the signs of the Zodiac
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 1:17r Nota secundum astrologos et misael quod ie aspectus dicitur optimus quasi quidem tercius . Et est quando signum arietis respicit sagittarium post se et leonem ante se. Ille aut dicitur pessius quando aries respicit signum piscem post se et libram ante se. Primus enim aspectus Amicicie . 29 inimicicie complete

Full transcription.

17. 1:17r
On the colours of the planets
Language(s): Latin, with a few words in Middle English
Incipit: 1:17r Saturnus est colore pallidus
Explicit: 1:17r Et nota quod planete non sintillant . id est twynkyll vel sparkyll . et per hoc potes cognoscere planeteam ab aliis stellis scillicet per colores et sintillaciones
18. 1:17r
Reference to a diagram on the next page
Language(s): Latin and Middle English
Incipit: 1:17r Verte folium 21 inuenies figuram

A manicule in the lower margin points towards the note and on it is written in Middle English: ‘Loke abovte’.

19. 1:17v
Astrological diagram
Language(s): Latin
Rubric: 1:17v Per hanc figuram scies domos exaltaciones triplites [...] et facies planetarum ad signa

Circular diagram consisting of 10 concentric circles divided by 12 perpendicular lines, creating, effectively 12 rows with 8 cells each. Each row has the words ‘Indirecte oritur’ or ‘Directe oritur’ in their most outer cell, and, in the cell immediately below that, the name of a sign of the Zodiac.

20. 1:18r-1:18v
The Summa in VIII Libros Physicorum Aristotelis (fragment of Book II) Robert Grosseteste
Language(s): Latin with marginal inscriptions in Middle English
Incipit: || 1:18r motus et quietis eius in quo est primo per et non secundum accidens . dicit motus et quietis . quia ea que ad locum naturaliter moventur ad . naturaliter quiescunt in loco
Explicit: 1:18v sicut in corporibus generabilibus et corruptibilibus . Ad 3m [...]||

Previously unidentified and not recorded in S. Harrison Thomson, 'The Summa in VIII Libros Physicorum of Grosseteste', Isis 22 (1934), 12-18, which identifies eight manuscripts.

Middle English inscriptions have been added by a different 15th-century hand. This concerns a manicule inscribed with the words ‘So y do’ that points towards the underlined words ‘Loke [?] Wyll’ and another manicule inscribed with the words ‘be hold’ that points to a Latin inscription on f. 1:18r. In the outer margin of f. 1:18 is a manicule inscribed with the word ‘Walke’ pointing to a banderol in red ink inscribed with the verse couplet: ‘Marke well thys dovte . tyll þe trueth be tried ovte’; and another banderol in red ink inscribed with the verse couplet ‘[?] Arys ys well spyed / ffor here þe trueth ys tried’ accompanied by a manicule that points away at the text, inscribed with the word: ‘loo’. Neither of the verses are recorded in the Index of Middle Engilsh Verse.

21. 1:19r-1:19v
Astronomical treatise (fragment)
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 1:19r -ciam a terra [...]
Explicit: 1:19v post tempus [...] erunt ciuitates et [...]

In the lower margin of f. 1:19v the word ‘Amen’ is written, perhaps indicating the treatise's end.

22. 1:20r-1:30r
Expositio libri meteororum Walter Burley
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 1:20r De primis igitur causis. In isto libro qui liber metheorum intitulatur . Aristoteles dat completam ordinacionem tocius philosophie naturalis
Explicit: 1:30r et sit quod mulier non moriatur in partum
Final rubric: 1:30r Explicit bonus tractatus - Amen

A previously unidentified copy of Burley's work; identified through comparision with a known copy in Cambridge, Trinity College, MS O.2.5, ff. 194r-200r.

The treatise contains a number of circular diagrams: an astrological diagram on f. 1:21r; a Sphere of Pythagoras on f. 1:21v; a diagram showing the hydrological cycle on f. 1:24r; a volvelle on f. 1:25v; and a wind diagram on f. 1:28v.

A manicule in the margin of f. 1:33r is inscribed with two words, probably Middle English, but these have not been read.

23. 1:30r
Reference to a diagram
Language(s): Latin
Rubric: 1:30r Amen. Verte folium et inuenies figuram cor[...]deatem littere

The diagram in question is a full-page Sphere of Pythagoras on f. 1:30v.

24. 1:31r
Meteorological diagram
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: || 1:31r et hoc moventur circulariter per virtutem superioris motus et totum istud apparet in isto circulo presenti

The text is accompanied by a circular diagram that has the following text in its outer ring: ‘In isto circulo potest hoc videre quomodo turbo mouetur circulo iiijo nubes vt patet fricienti etcaetera’

25. 1:31r-1:131v
Meteorological treatise (fragment)
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: || 1:31r Postea inter q[...] inter ethio[...] et tiphonem
Explicit: 1:31v quando nubes disparantur in paruos partes||

Imperfect at the beginning and end. The previous item (a meteorological diagram) belongs to this treatise but material before is clearly missing. The treatise also ends imperfectly in a section on haloes and rainbows (‘De halo [...] et de yryde’).

26. 1:32r-1:32v
Meteorological treatise (fragment)
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 1:32r -ca est depressa super poros
Explicit: 1:32v contra turbem simul descendere et ideo descendit guttatim

In the lower margin of f. 1:32v are two manicules drawn in red ink with a flower in the same colour between them. The left manicule contains the following Middle English inscription: ‘thys ys a praty processe hale’. The right manicule contains another Middle English inscription but it has not been read.

27. 1:33r
Definitions of health and sickness
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 1:33r Sanitas est temperamentum perficiens res naturales secundum cursum nature / Morbus est quod infert nocumentum spiritus naturali [? actioni] membrorum uero mediante
28. 1:33r
On the causes of a long and short life
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 1:33r Medicus considerat de causis longitudinis et breuitatis vite secundum in hominibus et propter opus et non propter scire sed naturalis considerat de istis causis in omnibus vmentibus non propter opus sed propter scire

Full transcription.

29. 1:33r
Uroscopic diagram of twenty colours of urine (uroscopy wheel)
Language(s): Latin
Rubric: 1:33r Tabula de iudiciis vrinarum per colores

The diagram features three circles. In the middle circle, there are 20 urine flasks (jordans) drawn in red ink. Although these have not been coloured, each represents a different type of urine and is connected to an explanation in the outer circle. In the inner circle are eight smaller circles with of which seven comment on shared features between sets of jordans. The eighth one, positioned at the very centre of the diagram, carries the title: ‘Tabula de iudiciis vrinarum per colores’.

Below the diagram is a manicule inscribed with text (a single word, not transcribed but possibly Middle English) that points to the inscription: ‘Verte folium et invenies plus de ma ’.

30. 1:33v
Uroscopic treatise (fragment)
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 1:34v Vrina rufa significat salutem et bonam dispositionem
Explicit: 1:34v Vrina spissa et plumbea circa mediane regionem nigra paralesim significat. Vrina||

Ends imperfectly.

31. 1:34r-1:36v
Astronomical treatise (fragment)
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 1:34r circulus . habet diuidi in 12. figurae computacio debet esse sed motum lune in epicyclo incipiendo videm computacionem ab ange versus occidentem
Explicit: 1:36v quando centrum epicycli est in auge

Physical Description

Secundo Folio: 2r: vt patet in hoc
Form: codex
Support: Parchment (disposition unestablished) leaves; but with one paper leaf (f. 1:18). This leaf is folded in octavo. Three-lobed leaf .
Extent: Codex: 36 leaves. 135 × 100 mm.

Collation

The collation below is based on what can be gleaned from the manuscript's current physical structure. This collation, however, does not represent the the manuscript's orginal and intended structure, since the leaves in this part, as M.R. James put it, ‘are much disordered’ (James (1902), p. 360). Although James has catalogued ff. 1:1-1:36 as a single part, this treatment can be questioned. While the materials in Quire 2 probably always belonged together, Quire 1 may consist of materials from two distinct parts. Whereas the text on the innermost bifolium of Quire 1 (ff. 1:7-1:8) partly concern scientific materials and was copied by a hand that also features in Quire 2, the remaining folios of Quire 1 (ff. 1:2-1:6 and ff. 1:9-1:12) contain texts on ars dictaminis, history, and biblical interpretation, in hands that differ significantly from those found in Quire 2. Consequently, the innermost bifolium of Quire 1 - together with f. 1:1 which contains an astronomical diagram - and Quire 2 may constitute one separate part, and the remaining leaves of Quire 1 (ff. 1:2-1:6 and ff. 1:9-1:12) another part. However, the materials in Quire 1 and Quire 2 could also originate from the same manuscript: in that case, ff. 1:1, 1:7-1:8, and Quire 2 represent the original core of a scientific manuscript, and the materials on ff. 1:2-1:6 and ff. 1:9-1:12 additions that were made either on blank leaves or an added quire. For this reason and practical considerations - presenting the materials in Quire 1 and 2 as two separate parts would result in a complicated overview of the manuscript's present structure - it has been decided to retain M.R. James's treatment of the manuscript's first part in this catalogue record.

  • Quire 112+1-1 (ff. 1:1-1:12: 1 leaf added before 1st leaf, 12th leaf missing)
  • Quire 220+2 (ff. 1:13-1:36: a bifolium inserted between the 10th and 11th leaves)

Cropped leaf signatures (‘a’) visible in the lower outer corners of f. 13r and f. 14r.

Catchwords (underlined with red ink) written in the lower inner corners of a few leaves, perhaps originally coinciding with the final versos of quires.

Condition

The lower margin of f. 35 has been cut out.

Layout

1:7r-1:8v and 1:13-1:36 85-95 × 70 mm. Ruled in leadpoint, frame only. Single columns. 30-34 lines to the page, written above top line.

1:2r-1:6v and 1:9r-1:12v 90-95 × 70-75 mm. Frames ruled in leadpoint (vertical lines only). Single columns. 25-27 lines to the page.

Hand(s)

Folios 1:1r-1:6v were copied by a single hand writing in a cursive script with both anglicana and secretary.

Folios 1:7r, and 1:13r-1:36v were copied by a few very similar hands writing in a neat script with both anglicana and secretary features.

Folios 1:9v-1:10r were copied by a single hand writing in a secretary script.

Folios 1:10v-1:11r were copied by a single hand writing in a cursive script with both anglicana and secretary features.

Folios 1:11v-1:12r were copied by a single hand writing in a cursive script with both anglicana and secretary features.

Decoration

Manicules in brown and red ink with inscriptions in Middle English (see ff. 1:17r, 1:18r, 1:18v, 1:23r, 1:30r, 1:32v).

One full-page volvelle on f. 1:25v. This wheel chart consists of three paper disks of varying sizes that have been placed on top of each other and are held together with a small disk of parchment that has been sewn to the page with blue thread (see f. 1:25r).

Circular astronomical, metereological, prognostic and uroscopic diagrams in brown and red ink on ff. 1:1r (full page); 1:7v (inserted into text); 1:21r (half page); 1:21v (half page); 1:24r (inserted into text); 1:28v (nearly full page); 1:30v (full page); 1:31r (half page); 1:33r (full page).

One large (4 lines) puzzle initial in blue and red ink with penwork decoration in red ink inside the letter a ‘J-border’ in blue and red ink in the inner margin, and pen-flourishing in red ink extending into the lower margin, on f. 1:20r.

Large (2-3 lines) blue initials with penwork decoration in red ink inside the letter and pen-flourishing in red ink extending into the inner margins.

Small (1 line) plain initials in red ink on ff. 1:8r-1:8v.

Ascenders on the first lines of pages higlighted in red ink.

Regular initials in dark ink highlighted with red ink.

Paraphs in red ink.

Underlining in red ink.

History

Origin: Late 14th or 15th century. ; England.

Possibly with additions made during the 15th century (ff. 2:2r-2:6v, 2:9v-2:12v) [see Collation for further discussion].

Provenance

John ?Welbek [?Welbot / Wolbot] (fl. 16th century) : may have owned or accessed this part of the manuscript, or perhaps only ff. 1:2r-1:6v, 1:9r-1:12v (see Collation for further discussion). His name is inscribed in the lower margin of f. 1:11r in a faint light brown ink that is difficult to read.

Part 2 [Cambridge, Trinity College, MS O.7.20, ff. 2:[i], 2:1-2:29, 2:29a, 2:30-2:34, 2:34a-2:34b, 2:35-2:49]

Contents

1. 2:[i] recto
Motto
Incipit: 2:[i] recto Ora pro lige rege grege
Language(s): Latin

Added in the (?) 16th-century by a scribe working in a humanistic cursive hand.

eVK 0728.00
Mooney (1995), p. 127 [other copies]
2. 2:1r-2:36v
Collection of 145 medical and household recipes
Language(s): Middle English
eVK 0728.00
Mooney (1995), p. 127 [other copies]
3. 2:36v
Medical recipe for the ague or other stomach ailments
Language(s): Middle English
Rubric: 2:36v ffor the ago or any other dyssecys yn the stomake

Added by a different hand in the late 15th or early 16th century.

4. 2:37r-2:46r
Treatise on the four elements, humours, and qualities and their interrelationships, and on prognosis of diease by urine colour
Language(s): Middle English
Rubric: 2:37r Here ffolloweth a schort tretys to know the .iiij. complexions and to dyscerne vryvns off men bi colors and other contentes where theyre infirmytes be and where \off/ theyre sekenes comyth
Incipit: 2:37r [sic] ffrust is it to know that þer be .iiij. elementes þat is to white eyre ffyre water and erth ryght so lyke to this .iiij. elementes there be .iiij. humers blod color ffleme and malyncole and there be .iiij. humers blod color ffleme and malyncole and there be .iiij. qualites answeryng them þat is hete drye cold and moystynes and the sayd .iij. humers and qualites answeryth
Explicit: 2:46r Vryne þat is redde betokeneth wynd and peyne in the ryght syde

The treatise contains simple drawings of urine flasks in black or red ink. Each represents a different type of urine (although the contents of the flasks are not coloured) and is accompanied by an explanatory text.

Tavormina (2014) identifies ff. 2:45r-2:46r as a segment of The Dome of Uryne Compendium [no. 2.5b]); 31 (identifies ff. 2:39v-2:42v as an incomplete text on the twenty colours of urine conflated with Urina Rufa [no. 3.1.1c]); 33 (identifies ff. 39v-42v as an incomplete copy of Urina Rufa conflated with the twenty colours of urine [no. 3.2.3]); 35 (identifies ff. 2:43r-2:45r as a version of Cleansing of Blood [no. 3.3.3]); 42 (identifies ff. 2:45r-2:46r as the Judicium Perfectum Omnium Urinarum [no. 5.1c]); 68 (identifies ff. 37r-39v as text on complexions and discerning urine [no. 8.6]); 114 (table).

eVK 3194.00
Mooney (1995), p. 127 [other copies]
Tavormina (2014), pp. 28-
5. 2:46v-2:48r
Glossary of plant names
Language(s): Latin and Middle English
Rubric: 2:46v Nomina Erbarum secundum ordinem alphebeti
Incipit: 2:46v Artemesia Mogwort / Absinthyn Womoth / Apium Ache or Marche
Explicit: 2:48r Marubium Hor Hownd / Mellefolium Nosseblede / Narstutium Tower kers||

Left unfinished in the ‘N’ section.

Mooney (1995), p. 161
6. 2:48r-2:49v
Three recipes for making medical syrups from flowers and herbs
Language(s): Middle English

Added in the late 15th century.

eVK 5235.00
7. 2:49v
Draft letter
Language(s): English
Incipit: 2:49v To her louyng housband maister Robert Ydo [? Yde] beyng yn [...]ulyng geue the [? that] yn yrelond

Added in the 16th century.

8. 2:49v
Religious sentence
Language(s): English
Incipit: 2:49v To reherse the faithfull

Added in the 16th century.

Physical Description

Secundo Folio: 2:2r: licores j broysyr
Form: codex
Support: Paper, folded in octava. Folios 2:[i] recto-2:49v: hand with clover.
Extent: Codex: 52 leaves. 150 × 105 mm.

Collation

  • Quires 3-68 (ff. 2:[i]-2:30)
  • Quire 78-1 (ff. 2:31-2:36: 12th leaf excised)
  • Quire 88 (ff. 2:37-2:44)
  • Quire 98-3 (ff. 2:45-2:49: 6th-8th leaves excised)

Layout

85-90 × 75 mm. Frames ruled in blindpoint (vertical lines only). Single columns. 17-20 lines to the page.

Hand(s)

The original recipe collection has been copied by a single hand working in a cursive script with both anglicana and secretary features.

The original recipe collection has been copied by a single (?) late 15th-century hand working in a cursive script with both anglicana and secretary features.

A late 15th- or early 16th-century hand has added a recipe to f. 2:36v in a cursive script with both anglicana and secretary features.

Decoration

Headings and sub-headings for recipes are written in red ink.

Plain initials in brown ink are sometimes highlighted with red ink.

Underlining in red ink.

History

Origin: Second half of the 15th century or first quarter of the 16th century. ; England.

Provenance

Henry Chapman [Chypnam, Chipnam] (fl. 1552) , Barber Surgeon of Brasenose College, Oxford: his name inscribed in the lower margin of f. 2:1r in a 16th-century hand: ‘Henry [Chipnam] barber of brasnose’. His name is also inscribed in the lower margin of f. 2:49r: ‘be me Henry Chipnam’. This inscription, which has been crossed out and affected by damp or reagent, has previously not been read. However, he undoubtedly was the Henry Chapman [Chypnam, Chipnam] who is recorded in Brasenose's register as ‘Barbitonsor’ (Barber) in the year 1552. See Brasenose College Register, 1509-1909 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1909), p. 16.

Henry Walmesley (fl. 1573-1591) , BA, MA, and Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford: his name inscribed on f. 2:[i] recto in a 16th-century hand: ‘Henricus Walmesley a dw a dogon’. Previously unidentified. However, given the secure identification of Henry Chapman, Barber Surgeon of Brasenose College, as an owner of this manuscript (see above), he almost certainly is the Henry Walmesely who is recorded in Brasenose's register in the year 1573. See Brasenose College Register, 1509-1909 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1909), p. 47.

John Taverner (fl. 16th century) : probably his erased ownership inscription on f. 2:[i] recto in a 16th-century hand: ‘Johannes Ta[...] est possessor [...] libri’. Below the name ‘Johannes Tauernour’ has been written twice: once in purple and another time in brown ink. The surname ‘Taverner’ is repeated on its own below in brown ink (‘Taverner’). Unidentified.

Part 3 [Cambridge, Trinity College, MS O.7.20, ff. 2:50-2:61, 2:61a, 2:62-2:69, 2:71, 2:[71a], 2:72-2:77, 2:77a, 2:78-2:81]

Contents

Language(s): English, Latin, and Italian

1. 2:50r-2:56v
Philosophical treatise on virtue
Language(s): English
Incipit: 2:50r vertue aboue bewty - The giftes of nature perishe sodenly which hath but a mornyng lyft but our vertues of our mynd render themselves [crossed out: ‘vertuous’ victorious uppon age and triopheth ouer tyme
Explicit: 2:56v and therfore /[...]s\ where the mother loveth and estemeth shall sonest obteine the daughter

The name ‘Mr Wright’ is inscribed in the upper margin of f. 2:50r; perhaps referring to Thomas Wright (c. 1561–1623), recusant priest, whose The Passions of the Mind in Generall (1601) seems to touch on similar subject matter.

2. 2:57r-2:57v
Correspondence (perhaps literary)
Language(s): English
Incipit: 2:57r Fortune hath bound me so strictly to obay the excellent graces which abounde in you that whereas vntill this tyme I haue ben at fre liberty from hence forth I am becom a carfull captane in such sorte as I knowe not what enlargment [crossed out: ‘to haue’] I ought to expecte not hauing any other then it shal please your mercye to graunte me of your mere grace
Explicit: 2:57v I haue whereuppon to feede my starued eare with the nourishmente of good hope of your fauoure and graces

Two letters, the first one is sent by a servant who claims to be in the addressee's ‘amarous service’. The second one is a reply.

3. 2:58r-2:58v
Table of contents for Antonio de Guevara, A Looking Glasse for the Court, trans. Sir Francis Bryan and Thomas Tymme (London: William Norton, 1575)
Language(s): English
Rubric: 2:58r The loking glasse for the cort
Incipit: 2:58r ffortitude consisteth in mortefying affections fo. 5. Pag. 1
Explicit: 2:58v man likes best of that whervnto he is most inclined fol. eod. Pag 2

An English translation of Antonio de Guevara (b. c. 1481-d. 1545), Menosprecio de corte y alabanza de aldea .

4. 2:59r
Opening of Book 2, Chapter 2 of Antonio de Guevara, A Looking Glasse for the Court, trans. Sir Francis Bryan and Thomas Tymme (London: William Norton, 1575) Antonio de Guevara
Language(s): English
Incipit: 2:59r Aristarcus the [crossed out: ‘ph’] Theban philosopher said that tyme and man [crossed out: ‘was’] is [crossed out: ‘one’] so diuers that hard it is even for the wisest to chose that to them which is good and kepe them from that which is evell for them
Explicit: 2:59r that which well contenteth one, an other is not satisfyed
5. 2:59r-2:60r
Excerpts on human nature and virtue
Language(s): English
Incipit: 2:59r The only knowledge of man to know little procedeth of the modesty of some richer vertue
Explicit: 2:60r poore victuailes and small he[...] which is not in this.
6. 2:61r-2:61v
Cease Sorrows Now Thomas Weelkes (bap. 1576?, d. 1623)
Language(s): English
Rubric: 2:61r A faint farwell off a faithfull frend dispairing to live after her frendes departure
Incipit: 2:61r Seace sorrow now for thow hast don the deed / Lo care hath now consvmd my carcas quit / No hepe can helpe nor helpe can stand insted / ffor dolfull death doth cutt off all delight / Yet whilst I heer the towling of the bell / Before I dye I wright this faint farwell

Full transcription. Previously unidentified copy of Weelkes' work. The poem is almost identical to that found in Madrigals to Three, Four, Five and Six Voyces (1597) but there are minor variations. For example, the last line appears to have been deliberately changed to adapt the poem to a literary-manuscript context: while the ‘Madrigal’ version has: ‘before I dye, Ile sing my faint farewell’, the version in this manuscript gives: ‘Before I dye I wright this faint farwell’.

7. 2:61r-2:61v
Farewell Fancy (provisional title) Thomas Weelkes (bap. 1576?, d. 1623)
Language(s): English
Incipit: 2:61r ffancy farwell you wroughtst my fond delighte / Delight adue the cawre of my distresse
Explicit: 2:61v ffolly farwele that I have fancyed so / And farwell fancy that first wrought my woe
Final rubric: 2:61v finis - T.W.

This appears to be a previously unknown poem by Thomas Weelkes as it is not included in David Brown, Thomas Weelkes: A Biographical and Critical Study (London: Faber and Faber, 1969). Aside from the fact that the poem is attributed to a ‘T.W.’, this poem fits thematically well with other works by Weelkes, for example his ‘Farewell, my joy’ (1598). It is possible that this poem is a direct continuation of Cease Sorrows Now, and that both form a single work for the ‘faithfull frend’ who is mentioned in the title written above the preceding poem.

8. 2:61a recto-2:62r
A Farewell to the World 'T.L.'
Language(s): English
Rubric: 2:61a recto A farwell to the world
Incipit: 2:61a recto When as the shade of all my sorrowes past / Presents itself vnto my hedles saight
Explicit: 2:62r Then will ye wishe as I all reddy doe / Ye had ben wise and thus vain world adue
Final rubric: 2:62r finis T L
9. 2:65r-2:65v
Health regimen Leonardo Fioravanti
Language(s): Italian
Rubric: 2:65r A difendersi dalle informita et conseruarsi in sanita remedio salutifero
Incipit: 2:65r A volersi diffender dalle infirmita et conservarsi in sanita farai le infrascritte: pillule, et vsale secondo questa ricetta, et ti conseruerai sempre sano fino alla morte
Explicit: 2:65v et il modo di vsarle et molto facile et senza fastidio, o trauaglio alcuno. Leonardo fiorauanti Bolognese doctor: et Caualier

The health regimen refers to Pope Paul III (1534-1549) and is attributed to Leonardo Fioravanti (1517-1588), physician, surgeon, and alchemist of Bologna.

10. 2:65r-2:66v
Three recipes for making ink
Language(s): Italian
Incipit: 2:65r Del modo di fare l'inchiostro commune che si perscriuere
Explicit: 2:66v

The first recipe is for making general ink and the two other recipes are for making red ink for writing on paper. They are entitled: ‘Del modo di voler fare inchiostro rosso di verzino da scriuere in carta’ and ‘Del modo di fare inchiostro rosso in altro modo, et facilita’.

11. 2:67r
Medical recipe for strained or stiffened nerves ?Leonardo Fioravanti
Language(s): Italian
Rubric: 2:66v A chi hauesse i nerui ritirati, o induriti, per qual si voglia causa e rimedio bonissimo
Incipit: 2:65r Se fusse alcuna persona, che hauesse vn neruo indurito, o ritirato, per intenerirlo, et distenderlo, facia questo reimedio, cioe, Recipe radice di ebulo, libro
Explicit: 2:66v Concludo, che questo sia il piu perfecto, rimedio che si possa vsare, et credo, che fusse inventione di Alfonso Ferro Napolitano, perch[e] esso teneua un licor, che faceua miracoli in Roma, il quale era questo, et non altro, perche l'ho fatto io, et era simile a quello in [crossed out: ‘quantita’] qualita, et in operatione

The author, perhaps Leonardo Fioravanti (see the health regimen above), concludes the recipe by identifying it as the 'miraculous' medicine that was used by Alfonso Ferro of Naples, physician to Pope Paul III (r. 1534-1549).

A marginal note in a similar hand provides an English translation for the first ingredient: ‘Ebulum - Walwort’.

12. 2:67v
Recipe for making sweet perfume
Language(s): English
Incipit: 2:67v Take cloves and stick them thick in an vrange, and lett thoreug drye soa longe as yf yt will be beaten to powder, then bray yt and preserue yt for an excellent sweety perfumy

Full transcription.

13. 2:69v
Account list of payments
Language(s): English
Rubric: 2:69v Augusti penultimo 1589

The list refers to objects in gold and silver. Added in the 16th century. The text has been crossed out.

14. 2:71r
Account list of payments
Language(s): English

Added in the 16th century. The text has been crossed out.

15. 2:72r-2:73v
Unspecified list of books
Language(s): Latin and English

The list is untitled and most entries have been crossed out.

16. 2:74r-2:74v
List of books on loan
Language(s): English

The list includes the names of borrowers: ‘John Warton’, ‘William Marshall at m. Peckes’ ‘Mr Churchmans sonne’, ‘Richarde at faireclughes’, ‘Alexander Farrington’, ‘Thomas Pynner’, and ‘Katheryne lloyd’.

17. 2:75r
List of books borrowed from ‘Thomas Crevises’
Language(s): English
Rubric: 2:75r A not of the bookes I haue of Thomas Crevises [? Trevises]
18. 2:75v
List of books borrowed from and loaned to ‘H. Chillesters’
Language(s): English
Rubric: 2:75r [bookes] I haue [of] H. Chillesters
19. 2:76r
List of books borrowed from ‘Henry Chillesters’
Language(s): English
Rubric: 2:75r A not of the bookes I haue of Thomas Crevises

The final entry is ‘Mr Hollyband - A french Dictionary’. It is not entirely clear whether this is a new list or whether it refers to a publication. In any case, the ‘Mr Hollyband’ in question almost certainly is Claudius Hollyband (1564-1594), a French Huguenot refugee who came to London about 1564 and published his A Dictionarie French and english there.

20. 2:76v
Note on payments for books, dated August 1589
Language(s): English
Rubric: 2:76v Auguste 1589
Incipit: 2:76v Lent one in Mr watersons shop at his request a Spa [sic: ? Spanish] Dictionar - viijs [...]

The note may refer to the shop of the London stationer Simon Waterson (fl. 1583-1635) at the Crown in St Paul's Churchyard.

21. 2:77r-2:81v
List of books owned, dated 29 September 1582
Language(s): English
Rubric: 2:77r A note of my bookes 29 Septembris 1582

The list is divided into four sections for: Latin books (ff. 2:77r-2:77a verso), English books (ff. 2:78r-2:79v), Law books (ff. 2:80r-2:80v), and French books (ff. 2:81r-2:81v). Each sub-list is dated to 29 September 1582.

Physical Description

Secundo Folio: 51r: shall ensue
Form: codex
Support: Paper, folded in octavo. Folios 2:50-2:81: Unidentified.
Extent: Codex: 34 leaves. 145 × 100 mm.

Collation

  • Quires 10-118 (ff. 2:50-2:64)
  • Quire 128-1 (ff. 2:65r-2:71v: 8th leaf missing)
  • Quire 136-1 (ff. 2:71-2:76: 3rd leaf missing)
  • Quire 148-2 (ff. 2:77-2:81: 1st-2nd leaves missing)

Layout

130-140 × 85-90 mm. No ruling. Single columns. c. 25-c. 35 lines to the page.

Hand(s)

Folios 2:50r-2:62r were copied by late 16th-century or early 17th-century cursive hand with both anglicana and secretary features.

Folios 2:65r-2:67r were copied by a late 16th-century or early 17th-century Italic script.

Folios 2:67v, 2:69v, and 2:71r were copied by late 16th-century or early 17th-century cursive hands with both anglicana and secretary features.

Folios 2:72r-2:81v were copied by different late 16th-century (? and early 17th-century) hands, including both cursive script with anglicana and secretary features and Italic script.

Decoration

This part of the manuscript does not contain any significant forms of decoration.

History

Origin: Last quarter of the 16th century and/or first quarter of the 17th century. ; England.

Part 4 [Cambridge, Trinity College, MS O.7.20, ff. 2:82-2:91]

Contents

Language(s): Latin and English

1. 2:82r-291r
Collection of medical recipes
Language(s): Latin and English

Almost completely written in Latin except for a rubric on f. 2:84r: ‘for starke and stiffe lymmes’.

2. 2:91r
Two medical recipes
Language(s): Latin

Written in plummet.

Physical Description

Secundo Folio: 2:83r: Et superponatur
Form: codex
Support: Paper, folded in ?octavo; but no watermark visible.
Extent: Codex: 10 leaves. 155 × 100 mm.

Collation

  • Quire 1514-4 (ff. 81-91: 1st-3rd and 14th leaves missing)

Layout

130-140 × 85-90 mm. No ruling. Single columns. 14-18 lines to the page.

Hand(s)

Copied by a single 16th-century hand working in a script with both anglicana and secretary features.

Decoration

This part of the manuscript does not contain any significant forms of decoration.

History

Origin: 16th century. ; England.

Part 5 [Cambridge, Trinity College, MS O.7.20, ff. 2:92r-2:149, 2:149a-2:149b, 2:150-2:152, 2:152a, 2:153-2:174 ]

Contents

Language(s): Latin and English

1. 2:92r-2:109r
Collection of medical and culinary recipes
Language(s): Latin and English

The collection contains a version of ‘Dr Stevens water’ on f. 2:93r. For other copies, see: The collection includes culinary recipes: ‘To make white marmelet’, ‘for quindinake’, ‘Diet bred’, ‘Calib preparid’, ‘Cinamon et ginger’ on ff. 2:93r-2:93v; ‘A pomander contra pestem’ on f. 2:94r.

Two recipes, one on f. 2:101r and another on f. 2:103r, are attributed to a ‘Mr Lilas’ [unidentified]. Two recipes, one on f. 2:101v and f. 2:102r, are attributed to a ‘Docter langhton’. The latter may be Christopher Langton (1521–1578), physician and Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. One recipe on f. 2:102v is attributed to a ‘Dr grimston’. He may have been Thomas Grimston (d. 1608), doctor of medicine at Cambridge (see W. M. Palmer, Cambridgeshire Doctors in the Olden Time, 1466-1827, The Cambridge Antiquarian Society's Communications, 15 (1911), 200-279 (p. 264)).

2. 2:110r
List of payments
Language(s): English
Incipit: 2:110r Item for xij shipe scilicet xijs
Explicit: 2:110r Item for on shipe - vjs

The page features the heading for a medical recipes (‘ffor malincolye’) that was never added.

3. 2:116r-2:135v
Collection of medical recipes
Language(s): Latin and English
4. 2:135v
List of wages
Language(s): English
Incipit: 2:135v Item for 4 dayes wrke xij [...]
Explicit: 2:135v Item for ton daye work \at worke/ 7d

The list specifies a payment of ‘9 d’ for work carried out on 9 April (Easter).

5. 2:136r
List of wages
Language(s): English
Incipit: 2:136r Item for xij shipe scilicet xijs [5] 1 d
Explicit: 2:136r Item for xx shipe - [7] l xs
6. 2:137v-2:141a verso
Alphabetical index to medical recipes

Written in an italic script by a later, (?)17th-century hand, referring to the medical recipes in this part.

7. 2:161r-2:2:174v
Collection of medical recipes
Language(s): Latin and English

Two recipes, one on f. 2:161r and another on f. 2:166v, are attributed to a certain ‘Mr Butler’. The latter may be William Butler (1535–1618), Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, and physician. Another recipe on f. 2:174v is attributed to a certain ‘Mr Turner’; perhaps referring to William Turner (1509/10–July 1568), physician and natural historian.

8. 2:166v
List of payments
Language(s): English
Incipit: 2:166v Item for trie part of [...]
Explicit: 2:166v Item for heay [...]

The text has become much faded or has been partially erased.

9. 2:164v
List of payments
Language(s): English
Incipit: 2:164v Iti for xx webbers 7 [...]
Explicit: 2:164v Iti for [d] j lames xxs vjs

The list ends with a sum of all payments and the note ‘the wile be at hola[r] donne’.

10. 2:164v
Prayer
Language(s): English
Incipit: 2:164v O God ont hige thow me defend from the sotle sort of thos that frenship to me doth dol[es]

Full transcription.

Physical Description

Secundo Folio: 2:93r: Dr Stevens water
Form: codex
Support: Paper, folded in octavo; but no watermark visible.
Extent: Codex: 86 leaves. 130 × 100 mm.

Collation

  • The collation for ff. 92-166 has not been established.
  • Quire 168 (ff. 2:167-2:174)

Layout

120-125 × 85-90 mm. No ruling. Single columns. lines to the page. c. 18-c. 32 lines to the page.

Hand(s)

Copied by a (?) single 16th-century hand working in a cursive script with both anglicana and secretary features.

Decoration

This part of the manuscript does not contain any significant forms of decoration.

History

Origin: 16th century. ; England.

Part 6 [Cambridge, Trinity College, MS O.7.20, ff. 2:175-2:196]

Contents

Language(s): Latin and English

1. 2:175r
Medical recipe
Language(s): Latin

Immediately below the recipe is written in a similar script the following inscription: ‘Thomas [?]brysdon off the set’

2. 2:175r
Poem
Language(s): English
Incipit: 2:175r I deserve so I desyer this lovers oft make ther request / yf yraunt yt be that I requier what manye prevaile syns at the least

Full transcription.

3. 2:175v
Medical recipe for an unstated purpose
Language(s): English
Incipit: 2:175v put into the bolle with a pessarie: Knotgrasse / Lysimachus / Nightshad

Full transcription.

4. 2:176r
Table of herbs for medical ailments
Language(s): English

Three columns with the headings: ‘all issves’, ‘inordinat termes’, and ‘ all flixes of the belly’.

5. 2:179r
Table of contents for medical texts in this part
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 2:179r Tractatus de medecinis - 1
Explicit: 2:179r Oleum tartari - 18
6. 2:180r-2:196v
Collection of medical recipes
Language(s): Latin
Rubric: 2:180r Tractatus de medicinis ad dispositionem quinte essencie
Incipit: 2:180r In hoc parte describentur omnia simplicia que conueniunt ad intencionem nostre diuine quinte essencie Aque uite pro ut in suo speciali tractatu continetur
Explicit: 2:196v [...]

Physical Description

Secundo Folio: 2:176r: allisloes
Secundo Folio: 2:181r: uiola et acetum
Form: codex
Support: Paper, folded in octavo. Folios 2:175r-2:196: ? Initial 'I' or 'L' ? Hand.
Extent: Codex: 22 leaves. 145 × 100 mm.

Collation

  • Quire 17eighteen (ff. 2:175-2:192)
  • Quire 18four (ff. 2:193-2:196)

Condition

A recangular piece of paper has been cut out of the outer lower half of f. 179.

Layout

90-110 × 70-75 mm. No ruling. Single columns except for ff. which has two columns. 16-20 lines to the page,

Hand(s)

The texts on f. 2:175r were copied by 16th-century cursive hands with secretary and anglicana features.

Folios 2:177v-2:196v were copied by a single hand writing in a 16th-century humanistic cursive script.

Decoration

Folios 2:177v-2:178r contain drawings of vessels in brown ink that are placed on furnaces or cauldrons and heated by fires in red ink. Accompanying Latin labels identify these objects.

History

Origin: 16th century. ; England.

Additional Information

Record Sources

This catalogue entry draws on M.R. James, Western Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge: A Descriptive Catalogue, Vol. 3 (1902); and Linne R. Mooney, Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, The Index of Middle English Prose, Handlist XI (Woodbridge: Brewer, 1995).

Availability

Visitors to Trinity College who wish to consult Special Collections material are required to apply to the Library in advance of their visit. For information on eligibility and admission procedures see: Trinity College: Information for Readers.

Bibliography

    The Western Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge: A Descriptive Catalogue, James, M.R. (Cambridge, 3, Cambridge University Press, 1902) Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge Index of Middle English prose, Mooney, Linne R. (Woodbridge, D.S. Brewer, 1995) Uroscopy in Middle English: A Guide to the Texts and Manuscripts Studies in medieval and renaissance history, Tavormina, M. Teresa ([Michigan?], 2014)

Funding of Cataloguing

Wellcome (cataloguing). All images provided by Trinity College, Cambridge.

Digital Images

Cambridge Digital Library