Medieval Manuscripts in Cambridge Libraries

A catalogue of Western manuscripts and papyri at Cambridge University Library, the Fitzwilliam Museum and selected Cambridge colleges

Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College, MS 345/620

Medical textbook and fragment of a Psalter

Contents

Introduction: This manuscript is a composite volume comprised of five Parts, a larger first Part, and four, smaller, mostly single-quire Parts at the end of the volume. The first four Parts all contain medical treatises in Latin; the final Part is a fragment of a psalter. This manuscript, like many others included in the Curious Cures in Cambridge Libraries project was once owned or used by Roger Marchall (d. 1477) , a doctor and physician to Edward IV who wrote his name on f. [ii] verso. In common with numerous other manuscripts, Marchall added a table of contents to the beginning of the manuscript (f. [ii] verso). Marchall's ownership or use of manuscripts is very well-attested, with forty-four surviving books (including this one) bearing evidence to connect him to them in some way; six others may have been his or accessed by him, and a further twelve are recorded but not traced. Marchall is known to have gathered together and (re-)arranged manuscripts and the out-of-sequence foliation points to this manuscript being another example of this activity. As described by Linda Voigts, the present manuscript is one of eighteen (possibly nineteen) manuscripts at Gonville and Caius College that may be linked to Marchall, and which were probably donated by him to Gonville Hall (as Gonville and Caius then was); King's College and Peterhouse, where the study of medicine was also supported, received gifts of books from him too. Thirteen manuscripts owned or used by Marchall (and another with possible Marchall connections) have been digitised, catalogued and conserved as part of the Curious Cures in Cambridge Libraries project: Dr Sarah Gilbert| Project Cataloguer| Curious Cures in Cambridge Libraries References:
See L. Voigts, 'A doctor and his books: the manuscripts of Roger Marchall (d. 1477)', in R. Beadle and A. J. Piper (eds.), New science out of old books: studies in manuscripts and early printed books in honour of A.I. Doyle (Aldershot, 1995) pp. 249-314

Physical Description

Secundo Folio: 2r contra arteticam
Form: codex
Support: All leaves are of parchment.
Extent: Codex: 2 + 77 | 12 | 4 | 6 | 8 leaves.
Foliation:

19th and 20th century foliation.

[i]-[ii] + 1-77 | 78-89 | 90-93 | 94-99 | 100-107

Foliated inconsistently first in ink and then in pencil in Hindu-Arabic numerals in the upper outer corner of some rectos by at least two foliators in the 19th and 20th centuries. The ink foliation is older than the pencil foliation and is correct up to the ink designation f. 25, thereafter the pencil foliation corrects errors in the ink foliation, and should be followed instead of the ink foliation up to the leaf designated in pencil as f. 77. There is an error in the pencil foliation sequence from the leaf designated f. 89 (actually f. 90), and thereafter all of the pencil designations are one number lower than is correct. The inserted bifolium at the beginning of the volume which contains R. Marchall's list of the contents of the volume is foliated as [i] and [ii] for the production of a functional electronic catalogue record by the Curious Cures project in 2023.

Collation

This manuscript is a composite volume comprised of five Parts, a larger first Part, and four, smaller, mostly single-quire Parts at the end of the volume. The formula as given here differs from that provided in M.R. James's descriptive catalogue. The arrangement of the quires is as follows:

  • Two parchment endleaves, ff. [i]-[ii] +
  • Quires 1-48 (ff. 1-32)
  • Quire 58-1 (4th leaf cancelled, stub visible; ff. 33-39)
  • Quire 66 (ff. 40-45)
  • Quire 78 (ff. 46-53)
  • Quire 86 (ff. 54-59)
  • Quire 98 (ff. 60-67)
  • Quire 108+2 (ff. 68-77: 9th-10th leaves inserted: stub from 9th leaf visible between ff. 67 and 68? 10th leaf bound around following quire?) |
  • Quire 1112 (ff. 78-89) |
  • Quire 124 (ff. 90-93) |
  • Quire 13six (ff. 94-99: six single leaves, bound around preceding quire) |
  • Quire 148 (ff. 100-107)

1-48 58-1 (4th leaf cancelled) 66 78 86 98 108+2 (9th-10th leaves inserted) | 1112 | 124 | 13six | 148

Leaf signatures in the typical late medieval alphanumeric form appear to have been added to the leaves after their arrangement in this current form (presumably as part of Roger Marchall's organisation of the volume): +, a-n (none added to the final quire).

No catchwords common to the entire volume.

Additions

Inserted bifolium, ff. [i]-[ii], probably added to the volume by Roger Marchall. A small paper label is fixed to f. [i] recto and bears the number '345' in ink. Marchall's signature and a list of the contents of the volume ('Contenta in hoc uolumine sunt ista') in his hand is present on f. [ii] verso and records the following Marchall-numbered items:

  • 1. Platearius de simplicibus medicinis
  • 2. Microtegni Galieni
  • 3. Constantinus de stomacho
  • 4. Afforismi ypocratis
  • 5. Regimenta acutorum eiusdem
  • 6. Herbarium platonis quod accepit ab esculapio

Quire signatures ('1-14') in the bottom right-hand corner of the recto side of the first leaf of each quire, written in pencil by a hand of the 19th/20th century.

Binding

Rebound in 1913. Fully bound in leather over wood boards with matching blind-tooled decoration on both covers. Each cover is decorated with a double-fillet frame inset from the perimeter of the board by c. 10mm, and further divided into two unequal-width vertical panels by an additional double-fillet inset from the joints by c. 45mm. The left panel is decorated with four annulets, one set at each corner of the panel. The right panel is decorated with two fleurons, one set at the upper-, and the other at the lower-left corner of the panel. Head and tail bands of ?tawed skin are covered in adhesive and trimmed very close to the bookblock. Four raised bands on spine. Two small paper labels fixed to the spine, '620' in red and '345' in black for the present shelfmark. Paper pastedowns at each end of the volume; the front pastedown contains a Gonville and Caius bookplate and the stamp of the bookbinders J.P. Gray and Son , Cambridge.

Dimensions (L x W x D): 245 x 170 x 45 mm.

The description of this item in M. R. James, A descriptive catalogue of the manuscripts in the library of Gonville and Caius College, vol. 1 (Cambridge, 1907) describes the binding as: 'Old binding, white skin over boards, clasps gone'. The volume was rebound in 1913, and a pastedown (the 'placard' in James' record) was extracted from the former binding and is now preserved as Cambridge, Gonville and Caius, 803/807 no. 57 .

History

Provenance and Acquisition

First recorded as part of the collection of Gonville and Caius College in 1600 as no. 36 in the Ecloga Oxonio-Cantabrigiensis by Thomas James (1600); this catalogue number is present in brown ink in the upper margin of f. 1r. However, the manuscript is likely to have been at Gonville Hall (as it then was) since the later part of the 15th century as it has annotations in the hand of physician and College manuscript donor, Roger Marchall (d. 1477) . Marchall is known to have given several other medical volumes to the College and he is the scribe of the table of contents on f. [ii] verso. See Voigts (1995) for further discussion.

Part 1 [Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College, MS 345/620, ff. [i]-[ii] + 1-77 ]

Contents

Language(s): Latin

1. [ii] verso
List of the contents of the volume Roger Marchall
Language(s): Latin

List of the contents of the volume in the hand of Roger Marchall, a physician, and former owner of the volume. The list is headed 'Contenta in hoc Volumine sunt ista', and describes the following items (numbering by Marchall):

  • 1. Platearius de simplicibus medicinis
  • 2. Microtegni Galieni
  • 3. Constantinus de stomacho
  • 4. Afforismi ypocratis
  • 5. Regimenta acutorum eiusdem
  • 6. Herbarium platonis quod accepit ab esculapio

2. 1r-42r
De simplicibus medicinae ('Circa instans') ?Mattheus Platearius (d. 1161)
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: (prologue) 1r Circa instans negotium in simplicibus medicine nostri uersatur propositum . Simplex autem medicina est que
Incipit: (text) 1r Aloe calide . et sicce est complexionis in secundo gradu . Aloe ex succo herbe fit que herba aloe appellatur .
Explicit: 42r siccitatem. Ne uero presentis operis prolixitas in nimium diffundatur; hoc loco concludamus.
Final rubric: 42r Explicit circa instans

  • Erased ?ownership inscription in the upper margin of f. 1r.
  • Extensive marginal annotations and glosses, mostly by two contemporary scribes, one writing with a darker ink in the outer margins, and the other using a lighter ink and occasional rubrication generally in the lower margins.

eTK 0211C (prologue)
eTK 0084M (main text)
3. 12v
Medical recipe
Language(s): Latin

For haemorrhoids. Written in the bottom margin

4. 33v-34r
Medicine Porrorum
Language(s): Middle English and occasional Latin
Incipit: 33v Macer of grases ho so hem sekes | and ypocras also is to use lekes
Explicit: 34r and make hem sobre son agayn
Final rubric: 34r Explicit hic medicine porrorum

Written in the lower margin in a light brown ink by a scribe of the later 14th or early 15th century. Several variants of this poem are known, but the closest relative appears to be in London, British Library, Sloane MS 140, ff. 52r-56v .

eVK 3431.00 (v0076000000)
Not in DIMEV 4171.
'Macer on the virtues of herbs' (formerly IMEV 2026.5).
5. 42r
Directions to make the medicinal bath of a 'Master Richard'
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 42r Balneum magistri ricardi
Explicit: 42r in ea sedant(?)

Written in the lower margin in a ?14th century hand.

6. 42v
Visitatio infirmorum
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 42v Cum ingressus fueris ad egrotum uestimenta habeas alba et non inclinato capite ingressus
Explicit: 42v pro uocalus et non manauerit malum est . Infirmus si legitimam uen'e' facit optimum est.
eTK 0309H (t0060320000)
7. 42v-45v
Medical advice and medical, household and cosmetic recipes
Language(s): Latin

Written by several hands. Entries on f. 43r concern the medicinal properties of various substances and plants, including camphor (perhaps artemisia camphorata), cubeb, dodder ('cuscuta'), cumin and coral, perhaps supplementing De simplicibus medicinae (ff. 1r-42r). The rest address the following:

  • f. 42v: for paralysis, for the eyes
  • f. 43v: a regimen for the eyes ('[De] regimine oculorum') (left-hand column); a regimen for the ears ('De regimine (?)auribus'), for breaking the stone, for inducing menstrual flow (right-hand column)
  • f. 44r: for pain caused by wounds, for inducing menstrual flow, for scabies and itching, for kidney stone, for constipation, for kidney stone (continuing on f. 44v)
  • f. 44v: for quartan fever, for bleeding from the ears, for consolidating the teeth and receding gums, for a laxative plaster, for constipation, for deafness and tinnitus in the ears, for lice, for weakness of the spleen, for killing mice, for aposteme, for soothing burns, for hardening and blockages of the spleen, for determining whether the sick shall live or die
  • f. 45r: for treating the sick who suddenly lose their speech, the properties of cumin as a laxative and costive, for stopping vomiting, for whitening teeth and freshening breath, for snakes that have crept into the bones ('Ad serpentem qui per os intrauit'), for urinary incontinence, for consolidating the teeth, for eye pain, for swollen feet or legs, for baldness ('Ad regenerationem capillorum'), concerning a medicine 'quod ducit plus quam debeat'(?), for inducing vomiting, for eye pain, for blockages of the liver, a coliirium for all defects of eyesight
  • f. 45v: for inducing fever, for leprosy, for infection, for aiding sexual intercourse, for pleurisy, for strangury, for swollen testicles or breasts, for aposteme in the ears and deafness and wind, for fistula, for strengthening the head and stomach

8. 46r-56v
Tegni Galen
Language(s): Latin
Rubric: 46r Microtegni Galeni
Incipit: 46r Sperma hominis descendit ex omni humore corporis quod fit de subtiliori natura iiijor humorum humani corporis
Explicit: 56v et quibus farmatiis debeat curari . secundum naturam sui corporis
Final rubric: 56v Explicit microtegni Galieni
eTK 1521K (t0291330000)
9. 57r-77v
De stomacho Constantinus Africanus
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: (prologue) 57r Reuerentissimo domino Salernitane ecclesie archipresuli constantinus astricanus[sic] cassianensis monachus
Incipit: (text) 57r Oportet nos intelligere quia prima actio nature que fit in corpore id est cibi digestio agitur in stomacho
Explicit: 77v obedientes Super et melones . Tri . lupini . cepe . et xilo caracta omnia ; indigestibilia .
Final rubric: 77v Explicit liber stomacho compositus a constantino(?) . Finitur stomachi liber adsint pocula bachi

Instructions for rubric in upper margin, now partially trimmed away

eTK 1012J (t0194830000)
eTK 1012J (t0194840000)
eTK 1012J (t0194850000)
10. 66v
Medical recipe
Language(s): Latin

An pill to be taken orally ('Pillule stomatice'), for strengthening the stomach, restoring appetite, and beneficial for the stomach, liver and spleen, and for cleansing them and the intestines, and purging all excess humours from the entire body, whether choleric or phlegmatic.

11. 77v
Prayer for the sick
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 77v Oratio pro egris
Explicit: 77v a lecto egritudis potentia tua erigat(?) ad sanitem(?) . amen
12. 77v
Medical recipe
Language(s): Latin

For piles, canker, fistula and the skin disease 'lupus'.

Physical Description

Secundo Folio: 2r: Contra arteticam uetur cum succo bardane
Form: codex
Support: Parchment (HFFH).
Extent: Codex: 2 + 77 leaves. 235 × 165 mm.

Collation

  • Two parchment endleaves, ff. [i]-[ii] +
  • Quires 1-48 (ff. 1-32)
  • Quire 58-1 (4th leaf cancelled, stub visible; ff. 33-39)
  • Quire 66 (ff. 40-45)
  • Quire 78 (ff. 46-53)
  • Quire 86 (ff. 54-59)
  • Quire 98 (ff. 60-67)
  • Quire 108+2 (ff. 68-77: 9th-10th leaves inserted: stub from 9th leaf visible between ff. 67 and 68? 10th leaf bound around following quire?)

No leaf signatures particular to this Part.

No quire signatures particular to this Part.

Catchwords in the lower margin of the last verso of some quires.

Condition

In good condition. Leaves trimmed for rebinding with partial losses to marginal annotations.

Layout

160 × 120 mm. Ruled in ink, frame and lines. Ruled in double-column format, typically 35 lines to the column and written below top line.

Hand(s)

Written in a northern European textualis libraria with some rotunda features. Marginal annotations in two hands, one of which may be that of the main scribe writing a minuscule of much more compressed aspect.

Decoration

Flourished initials in red, blue and occasionally violet (ff. 1r-46r) and then red only or red and black (ff. 46v-77v) at the major and minor divisions of the texts.

Initials occasionally touched with red throughout, e.g., f. 45v, 'gallina'.

Occasional line fills in red, e.g., f. 54r.

Paraph marks in red and black throughout.

History

Origin: Probably 14th century. ; Perhaps France.

Part 2 [Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College, MS 345/620, ff. 78-89 ]

Contents

Language(s): Latin

1. 78r-89v
Aphorismata (tr. Constantinus Africanus) (Latin) Hippocrates
Language(s): Latin
Rubric: 78r Hypocratis Aphorismi
Incipit: 78r Uita breuis . ars uero longa
Explicit: 89v non ex dyarria exeunte . aut farmacie potione . malum signum et mortale ualde . Desipiencia cum ||

Title of the work in the upper margin of f. 78r in an early modern hand.

This work is divided into seven 'parts' in many medieval Latin copies of the text; this particular copy ends abruptly very close to the end of the sixth part.

eTK 1704J

Physical Description

Secundo Folio: 79r: uero horum maxime infantes
Form: codex
Support: Parchment (HFFH).
Extent: Codex: 12 leaves. 150 × 90 mm.

Collation

  • Quire 1112 (ff. 78-89)

No leaf signatures particular to this Part.

No quire signatures particular to this Part.

Catchwords risu quid(?) in the lower margin of f. 89v , partially trimmed away.

Condition

In good condition, catchwords lost to trimming, but otherwise no loss of text to rebinding. Unusual ?offset in the outer margin of f. 89v, with traces of some red flourishing in the upper half of the leaf.

Layout

165 × 85 mm. Ruled in brown ink, frame and lines. Ruled in single-column format, typically 25 lines to the page and written below top line.

Hand(s)

Written in a northern textualis libraria.

Decoration

Puzzle initial with pen flourishing and zoomorphic illustration in the counter-space of a rabbit and a quadruped (?dog ?bear) on f. 78r

Paraph marks in red and blue until f. 80r and then red only from f. 80v.

History

Origin: Probably 13th century. ; Probably France.

Part 3 [Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College, MS 345/620, ff. 90-93]

Contents

Language(s): Latin

1. 90r-93v
Regimen acutorum (Latin) Hippocrates
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 90r [Q]ui de egrotantum actidentibus in singulis egritudinibus tarctantes[sic] pocius concensisse fermitur
Explicit: 93v temperatum sicim fetat hoc aut idio quia uirtutis lauantem aliquantus hic ydomeo ||

Ends imperfectly.

eTK 1205J

Physical Description

Secundo Folio: 91r in eius egritudinis flectu
Form: codex
Support: Parchment (HFFH).
Extent: Codex: 4 leaves. 230 × 145 mm.

Collation

A single quire of four leaves, but with several stubs from adjoining gatherings of single leaves visible before the opening of the quire: Quire 124 (ff. 90-93).

No leaf signatures particular to this Part.

No quire signatures particular to this Part.

No catchwords particular to this Part.

Condition

Small marks and stains on most leaves; text legibility slightly impaired in occasional spots.

Layout

185 × 115 mm. Ruled in double-column format, frame and lines. Ruled in brown crayon, typically 40 lines to the column and written below top line.

Hand(s)

Written in a textualis of unusual aspect, with some rotunda features.

Decoration

Spaces for decorative initials throughout, all unfilled.

Additions

The words 'aue maria gratia' in faint brown ink in the upper margin of f. 90r.

Binding

Narrow rectangular rust stains probably caused by the fittings for two metal fastenings in the outer margin of f. 90r; as none of the other Parts bear these marks in the same location, it is likely that the marks originate from a pre-composite-volume binding specific to this Part.

History

Origin: Probably 13th century. ; ?France.

Part 4 [Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College, MS 345/620, ff. 94-99]

Contents

Language(s): Latin

1. 94r-94v
Epistola ad Maecenatem Hippocrates
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: 94r Ypocras mecenati suo salutem . Libellus quem roganti promisi
Explicit: 94v nec medicis indigebis
eTK 0817K
2. 94v-99v
Herbarium Apuleii pseudo-Apuleius
Language(s): Latin with Middle English glosses to plant names
Incipit: 94v Incipit herbarium apuleii platonis quod accepit ab esculapi et chirone centauro magistro achillis
Explicit: 99v Si mulier pecus mortuum in utero habuerit herba . dictamni succum si absque febricula fuerit . cum uino ||

Ends imperfectly in what is usually chapter 63 of the Herbarium (Herba dictamni).

Many of the plants are glossed with their Middle English equivalents in the margin in the form: f. 96r 'angl hennebelle' for the plant 'simphoniace' (Symphonia). The 'angl' tag is in a brown ink similar to that of the main text and the English gloss is in a much darker ink. The vernacular forms of the plant names appear to exhibit some Old English orthographic features.

Several shorter prefaces and prologues on 94v-95v including:

  • 94v: Incipit precantacio omnium herbarum ad singulas curas (eTK 1081E (t0208400000) or 1683L)
  • 94v: Incipit precentacio eiusdem herbe
  • 94v: Incipit epistola antonii muse ad agrippam de herba betonica (eTK 0729G)
  • 94v: Antonius musa marco agrippe salutem (eTK 0112D)
  • 94v: Incipit uirtus et curatio herbe betonice (eTK 0608P) ... Betonica agrestis dicitur brionices (eTK 0177D (t0033990000)) ... 95v affirmant . Explicit de betonica
  • 95v: Incipit herbarium apuleii platonis . epistola eiusdem ad concives suos de de herba plantagine ... et medicis pro fuisse uideatur . Explicit epistola (eTK 0117D (t0022410000))
  • 95v: Nomen herbe Arnoglossa (eTK 0915A (t0176860000))

eTK 0915A

Physical Description

Secundo Folio: 95r: lii[sic] adanaton . alii diprinion
Form: codex
Support: Parchment (HFFH).
Extent: Codex: 6 leaves. 235 × 155 mm.

Collation

  • Quire 13six (ff. 94-99: six single leaves, bound around preceding quire)

Medieval alphanumeric leaf signatures of the 'a i, a ii, a iii' etc., type common to Quires 1-14. Folios 94-98 (Quire 13) are Quire 'm' and and folio 99 (Quire 14) is Quire 'n'. The leaves in Quire 'm' are marked successively 'm: i, iiii, u, ui, uii'. The catchword on f. 95v, 'm iiii', matches the text on f. 96r, 'm u' and the order of the text appears to be correct.

No quire signatures particular to this Part.

Catchwords 'uel radix' in the lower margin of f. 95v which match the text at the top of f. 96r.

Condition

Leaves trimmed for binding with losses to marginal annotations.

Layout

190 × 130 mm. Ruled in crayon, frame and lines. Ruled in double-column format, typically 49 lines to the column and written above top line.

Hand(s)

Written in a north-European form of textualis libraria.

Decoration

Paraph marks in red.

History

Origin: Probably fourth quarter of the 12th century or the first half of the 13th century. ; Perhaps England.

Some Latin plant names have marginal glosses in Middle English. The forms of the plant names show some influence of Old English orthography.

Part 5 [Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College, MS 345/620, ff. 100-107]

Contents

Language(s): Latin

1. 100r-107v
Psalter
Language(s): Latin
Incipit: || 100r tristis es anima mea ; et quare conturbas me .
Explicit: 107v Eripe me de inimicis meis, Deus meus, et ab insurgentibus in me libera me ||

Psalms 41.6 - 58.2 according to the Greek numbering of the Psalter.

Physical Description

Secundo Folio: 101r: oues tanquam
Form: codex
Support: Parchment (HFFH).
Extent: Codex: 8 leaves. 230 × 155 mm.

Collation

  • Quire 148 (ff. 100-107)

No leaf signatures particular to this Part.

No quire signatures particular to this Part.

No catchwords particular to this Part.

Condition

A single quire of 8 leaves. The last leaf, f. 107 probably once used as a pastedown as f. 107v is coated in an adhesive residue. Some leaves have significant wrinkling, making some parts of the text difficult or impossible to read. Rubbing and staining on most leaves, some text now partly or completely illegible, some leaves now protected by conservation tissue. Crayon scribbles in the margins of ff. 101v-103r.

Layout

165 × 95 mm. Ruled in very faint brown ink, frame and lines. Ruled in single-column format, typically 27 lines to the page and written below top line.

Hand(s)

Written in cursiva formata (bastarda).

Decoration

Plain initials in the 'Lombardic' style in red or blue at the major and minor divisions of the text. Initials cease half way down f. 103r, with spaces left unfilled thereafter for initials.

Decorative acanthus-leaf line fills in brown ink on f. 102v.

Additions

The margins of the opening of ff. 102v-103r are filled with scribbles in brown crayon.

History

Origin: Probably late 15th or early 16th century. ; Perhaps England.

Provenance and Acquisition

'Willelmus Acreman junior' and 'Allys ys my der hat' (?'Alice is my dear heart'): inscriptions in brown crayon/plummet in the bottom margin of f. 101v.

Presumably this Part was with the rest of the volume at the time of Marchall's donation (before 1477), but it should be noted that this Part is not described in Marchall's list of the contents of the volume, and it does not have the alphanumeric leaf signatures found in the other Parts.

Additional Information

Record Sources

This catalogue entry draws on unpublished notes made by Dr Debby Banham, a description by M. R. James, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of Gonville and Caius College, vol. I (1907) and L. Voigts, 'A doctor and his books: the manuscripts of Roger Marchall (d. 1477)', in R. Beadle and A. J. Piper (eds.), New science out of old books: studies in manuscripts and early printed books in honour of A.I. Doyle (Aldershot, 1995) pp. 249-314

Availability

Visitors to Gonville and Caius College who wish to consult Lower Library material are required to apply to the Library in advance of their visit. For information on eligibility and admission procedures see: Gonville and Caius College: Library Information.

Custodial History

Recorded as no. 962 in the E. Bernard's 1697 Catalogi librorum manuscriptorum Angliae et Hiberniae in unum collecti cum indice alphabetico.

Bibliography

    A doctor and his books: the manuscripts of Roger Marchall (d. 1477) New science out of old books: studies in manuscripts and early printed books in honour of A.I. Doyle, Voigts, Linda Ehrsam (Aldershot, 249-314, Scolar Press, 1995)

Funding of Cataloguing

Wellcome

Digital Images

Cambridge Digital Library

Abbreviations

View list of abbreviations and editorial conventions.

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